IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Corporation 


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23  WESt  N»A;-'  f  ?i«eT 

WEBSTER, NY.  1 4580 

(716)  872-4503 


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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions 


Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


1980 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
thA  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6X6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu^s  ci-dessous. 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


□    Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommag6e 

□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurde  et/ou  pellicul^e 

□    Cover  title  missing/ 
Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 

□    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


D 
D 
D 


D 


Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relid  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr^e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  so  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsq'je  cela  6tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag^es 

□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pellicul6es 

□    Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  t<*chet6es  ou  piqudes 

□Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 


□    Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

□    Quality  of  print  varies/ 
Quality  indgale  de  limpression 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


D 

D 


Comprend  du  materiel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  ref limed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film6es  6  nouveau  de  fapon  ck 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  U\m6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu^  ci-dessous. 

lOX  14X  18X  22X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


26X 


30X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library, 

National  Museums  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  whan  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copias  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ♦•  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
g6n6rositA  de: 

Bibliothique 

Musses  Nationaux  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6x6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  filmi,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  filmds  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  emprninte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film6s  en  commen^ant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ♦-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmis  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

i 

4 

5 

6 

imi'AUTMKNT    OF    TUB    INTHUIOU 

U.  S.  GEOGRAPHICAL  AND  QEOLOiilCAL  SUKTEY  OF  THE  ROCKY  MOUNTAIN  REGION 

J.  W.  I'OWKLL  IN  CiiAliOB 


OBSERVATIONS 


on 


CUr-SJlAPEI)  AND  OTHER  LAPIUARIAN  SCULPTURES 


ta 


THE  OLD  WORLJ)  AND  IN  AMERICA 


BY 


CHARLES   RAU 


WASniNCJTON 

aOVERNMKNT     I'UINTINU     OFFIOR 

188L 


UBRARY 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

OF  CANADA 


CONTENTS. 


P»ge. 

INTIIOWIITIOK 7 

1'aht  I.— rriiiiitivd  lapiiliiriiiii  mnilpturos  in  Kiiropo  iind  Asiu ij 

Kv«llitnil,t<tc IJ 

KiiKliinil I[v 

IrrliiMil 17 

Kniiii^i' in 

.S\vil>i('rlan<l 5>1 

Ucriuiiiiy  anil  Anslria o-j 

DfUinurk  «)>■, 

Swptlcii .jy 

Iniliii Ill 

Part  II.— I'rimilivo  liiplilni'.iin  KiiUptnri'S  in  Aini'rioji 41 

Niirtli  AnuM'li'ti 4I 

Onlial  AmiTiia  ..   gO 

Paut  hi.— VIcwHconinTninu  tlio  Hipiilicanec  of  ciip-slinpoil  nml  olln-r  priniitivu  Hi-nlptun-s 71 

Si  i'i'i.i:>ti:NT.\iiY  .noth (|;, 

Si- M  MA  It  Y ,,7 

'M'Kx .....y.[y.[y^z  m 

3 


LlJi^'-'T^.^^L  >.■  ,-"?  ■  \- 


LIST    OK    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Via 

1.- 

Via 

a.- 

I'lO 

:i.- 

Kio 

4.- 

I'Kl 

r>.- 

J-Kl 

(i- 

Km 

7.- 

ri.i 

H.- 

Fi(i 

0.- 

Vm 

10.- 

Vu: 

II.- 

Kid 

\-i.- 

Kid 

1.1.- 

Kid 

11.- 

Klii 

lo.- 

Kio. 

l(i.- 

Fio. 

17.- 

Kid. 

ly.- 

Kio. 

10.- 

Kio 

mh- 

Kio. 

81.- 

Fid. 

aa.- 

Kio. 

2:1.- 

Kid. 

ai.- 

Kio. 

ar..- 

Ki<i. 

ac).- 

Kid. 

a?.- 

Kl(i. 

an.- 

VUiH 

.  3!), 

Kid. 

:«.- 

Kid. 

:ui.- 

Kid. 

:i4.- 

Ki(i. 

X).- 

Kid. 

;«i.- 

Kid. 

:!7.- 

Kid. 

:w.- 

Kio. 

3U.- 

-Common  fypcii  of  European  cii|»  nn<l  ring-riilliiiKd. 

-Chiif  deviations  from  the  Renrriil  t,v|M>H  of  Knro|H-nn  nip  ami  riiiKcuflingN. 

-SiuiptnrtMl  riM'lt-HiirfiMiH  at  Ancliiialin-aili,  Aru.vlcHliin-,  8<ollnn<l. 

-Cnp  mill  rir'i-iuUlnKi  on  n  minliir  nf  llnllyimimcli,  ArB.vIcHliiri-,  Soolluinl. 

-Uolmi'n  Willi  ciip-marki-il  lap-stiinc,  mar  ClyiiiiOK  Knwr,  ('lurnnrvoiiHliiri-,  Wulrg. 

-KiHlvai-ii  Niirroiiiiili'd  l.y  1.I<h1(h, om-  of  wliiili  \h  lup-iiiarkiil.    OatlamiN,  IsltH.f  Man. 

-Cnpiioil  HUmiy  in  a  clianil>ir<Ml  tiiiniiliiH  at  (.'lava,  liiviriKwi-Hliin-,  Scollaml. 

-t'lipiH-il  moiiolilh  near  Diinliar,  KaHl-Lolliian,  Kiotlaml. 

-LnrRo  ciip'Htonn  near  Ilalvralil,  InvrmrHH-Hliiri',  Hcollaml. 

-Cnppi'il  Blono  foiiml  nt  Lawn,  KorrarNhiri',  Rt'otlaml. 

Stoni-  with  inp  anil  liii";  rtitlln),'»,  Coniily  of  Kerry,  Irilanil. 
-Inrlm'il  Ntinic  in  llin  Inmiilim  at  LohkIi  Crew,  Iri'lniiil. 

-Carvinii  "f  "  ri'lt  in  a  pliiniiil  liamllf,  on  tlui  n.iif  of  a  ilolmin  near  U>cinariakcr,  UriUoii}-. 
-Inriwd  iliamlx-r-stoiics  in  tlir  tiiiiinlnHof  CJavr'  Iiiix,  Ilritlaiiy. 
-"La  lloiili!  do  fJarKantiia,"  a  luppj-d  lionlilor  nnir  lltlloy,  Aln,  Krancc. 
-Ciip-i'iittiiiBH  on  a  rock  in-ar  C'liirar,  Lozi^ro,  Kranri'. 
-Cnpppil  bloik  iiiNir  Slont-la-Villc,  Canton  of  Vimd,  Switzirland. 
-Kac-wmiln  ropn'wnlalion  of  a  ciippvil  rock  mar  Oliir-KaiTinHtiiilt,  I'mssiun  Saxony. 
-Kac-Bimilo  ri'prcMMitation  of  a  rnp|M'il  rork  near  Moiimpii,  .Snxoiiy. 
-Cnpped  liaokKidf  of  a  rniilc'  ntoiii'  at  IJavnklldr,  JHllanil,  Diiimark. 
-TraiiiiKH  of  Nliips  and  wlu.ds  on  the  r«M.f-Hli.m.  of  a  fiiiaral  iliamltcT  near  Hurrestrnp,  Seelaiid, 

Uoiiinark. 
-Tlio  "  Haider  .'<tom',"  mar  KalUiipinf!,  .'<\vi'dcii. 

-8toni.  Klal)  »IiowliiKonpH  and  enKrnvid  designs.    From  a  tiimiiliiN  in  Koanitt,  Swcdiin. 
-One  of  llic  .•iiHravi'd  Hlalm  of  tlii>  Kivik  moniiim'iit,  Keaiila,  Swrdni. 
-Kock-Honlpturi'H  in  (Jiiillr  Iliiiail,  Liiii  of  Uoliiis,  Swi'di'ii. 
-Cnp  and  rinK-ciitliiiHH  at  Cliaiidiwliwar,  India. 
-Si'ction  of  a  stone  Maliadeo  in  tlie  temple  of  CliaiideHlnvar,  Imliii. 
-Maliiidi'o  in  a  Hliiine  al  Itemires,  India. 

:«>,  and  :il.— Maliadeo  syinlp.ilN  engraved  on  stone  slalis  in  tlie  temple  of  Cliumli'Hhwar,  India. 
-I'itled  Htoiie  foiinil  near  Kranklin,  WilliaiiiHon  Ciiimly,  'renneH.si'e. 
-Kitted  Htone  from  Miiney,  Lyeiiniiiit;  Coiinly,  I'l'iinsylvania. 

^'"•■••' f"'"'  <•><•  neif^lilMiili 1  of  Londoii,  London  (.N.iinly,  Ti iNsee. 

-Cnpped  Nionef  iniiil  nenrCroveimrt,  Franklin  Connty,  Oliio! 

-Cniiped  stone  from  tlie  nei),'Iil(orlii)od  of  rortsmoiitli,  Ohio. 

Clipped  Htone  from  .Sniniiiit  Connty,  Ohio. 

■Kartlieiiware  paiiit-eiipH  used  liy  the  ZiiniN,  New  Mexieo. 

Stone  uiortur  and  pe«tlc  with  a  cup  shaped  eovily.     From  tho  Tesuiino  Imlians,  New  Mexico. 


:iMm»fm^'^: 


0 


Liar  OF  ILUTHTUATIONa 


rid.i.  4(1 

I'KI.    K'.- 

I'Ki.  i;i.- 
IKi.  II.- 
I'Hi.  ir..- 

I'ld.  K!,- 
Kl(l.  17.- 
I'ld.  |H..- 
I'KIH.   Ill, 

rid.  nw.- 
Thi.  r>;i.- 

I'KIH.  51, 

Km.  r>H,- 
FiQ.  60.- 

Kio.  m.- 

Fio,  01.- 


iiikI  <I.— TiTrn-ii(lln»i.iii.lli  wliorlH  Irom  Ti-jiimo,  Mi-xini. 

-(•|i|.|««l  mui\HU„w  l.l.K  k,  ilimnv.r..,!  in  Lnwr.n.o  (  oui.ty,  Olilo;  now  ii.  Cli,oli.ti»tl 

-Cii|.|hmI  Kriiiiit..  l.oiil.l..r  al  Niiiiitir,  N.-w  I,..i,.loi,  foiinly,  (•...iii.Tli.iH. 

<'np|><"l(f)  rock  in  tin-  niittlilioilimHl  of  Oriziii.ii,  Mrxi.o. 
-l-iirui.  iMinMir  witli  niorliir-iuvili.H.    Hiintit  lljirlmru  County,  Ci.iiroruin. 

N.  iil|)tiir(H  on  lliil.l  I-ii.ir  I?.«k  In  tli.'  Sn>«|n<'luuina  River,  MurvlnnU. 
-Srnlplnml  hIuIi  from  lliild  Kriar  Kook. 
-Norllii'iiHtrrii  cinl  of  IhM  IVjar  Km-k. 

ro,  iinil  ,M.— SculplnriH  on  lliilil  Kriiir  Kmk. 
-Hinlplnnd  ImmiIiI.t  In  tin'  (iiln  Vjillcy,  Arizonn. 
-Ifoik-iiirvinn  In  tln<  Kiin  IVti-  Viilliyl  t'inli. 
r>r.,  ritl,  nml  rj.— Itock-iminllnKN  in  I.iiko  County,  Omf;"<i- 
-Kock-wulplurfH  nenr  Dnvi.l,  Cliirlipil,  nnd  No'rthnnil.rinn  tyixa. 
-Holy-wnl..r  Htono  in  n  olinrcli  nt  Ktrii  in  Sninin,  Sweden. 
-Holy-wnter  stoue  in  a  elinrcli  iit  Oennorp,  Soanin,  Sweden. 
-CniM.  and  furrows  ou  the  wall  of  ijaint  Mary's  Churoli,  at  Qrolftwald,  Pomerania. 


OnSKUVATlONS  ON  (;II|'-SHAPKI)  AND  OTIIKU  I.AIMIMUIAN 
SCULl'TUItKS  IN  THE  OI.l)  WoitM)  AND  IN  AAIEUICA. 


UY  CUAItl.KH   KAl! 


INTI{()I)l;t;TI()N. 

'J'lio  attention  of  Kiirojunin  arcluvolofriHts  Iuih  htv  m  dircctc*!  for  several 
years  to  tliat  very  ciirioiiH  and  widoly-distrihiittnl  class  of  anti(iiiitie.s,  wliicli 
are  t-allod  picnrs  a  rcuvllcs  in  Frencli,  and  Srhaloislciur  in  (Icrnian,  and  to 
wliicli  the  English  dcsifrnation  "cnp-stonos"  niij^lit  with  propriety  bo  applied. 
In  a  {jenoral  way,  tliey  may  b<;  defined  as  stones  and  nicks  npon  wliicli  cup- 
shaped  cavities,  varyin^r  in  size  and  nnndjcr,  are  executed  by  the  hand  of 
man.  IJnt  as  these  cup-like  excavations  often  ajjpear,  more  especially  in 
the  Old  World,  associated  with  engraved  figures  of  a  different  character,  it 
will  be  necessary  to  consider  iheni  in  connection  with  the  latter. 

Though  the  knowledge  of  the  existence  of  cup-stones  in  Europe  dates 
back  many  years,  it  is  only  of  late  that  arcluvologi.sts  have  commenced  to 
view  them  in  a  broader  light,  and  to  speculate  on  their  ethnics  significance. 
IVofessor  E.  Desor,  iii  ])articidar,  published  not  long  ago  a  panii)hlet,  enti- 
tled "Les  Tierres  h  iM-nelles"  ((Jenive,  1H7H),*  in  which  he  describes,  with 
liis  usual  clearness,  their  occurrence  in  different  countries,  making  tliis  dis- 
tril)ution  a  basis  for  drawing  inferences  bearing  on  the  important  question  of 
the  migration  of  man  in  long-past  ages. 

'  Kci.iintrd  in:  Mii)<<iiiiiix  jioiir  rUiHtciie  I'riiiiitiv.'  .t  Naliiicllr  ilr  I'niimiiir  1«:h  p  •>.VI  ,.|c 
I'n.f.-NHor  n..K»r  nimMisl,.'.!  this  ..s^ay,  ei.ridiod  l.y  utUlitioi.ul  fuctB,  in  Liu  "Mdluiim-8  SiiiiitWiiVu.iH  " 
I'liiiN,  NViiiliiitfl,  I'l  Griiuvc,  lS7y. 


•^•swiS!?^!^ 


8 


tUI'HIIAl'KD  AND  DTIIKIl  LAIMDAKIAN  HfirLPTlJKKH. 


It  iH  ccrtJiiiily  »  nmttor  of  gruHt  iiitoroHt  that  cup-HtoiiuH,  analog<.iiH  U, 
tlumi)  of  tho  Kastorii  lIomiHphoro,  aro  found  in  tlio  United  StJitoM,  and,  aH  it 
appuara,  in  other  parts  of  tho  Western  Continent.  Heforo  entering  upon 
the  task  of  deHcribing  them  ho  far  as  my  present  information  permits,  I  will 
give,  for  the  sake  of  comparison  and  direct  reference,  a  brief  account  of  tlie 
cup-stones  of  tho  Old  World,  relying  chiefly  on  Professor  Dosor's  oxcollent 
panjphlet,  yet  availing  myself  in  addition  of  such  other  writings  of  similar 
bearing  as  happen  to  bo  at  my  command.  In  consideration  of  tho  scanti- 
ness of  my  literary  sources,  I  cannot  claim  for  this  rt«sumt«  anything  like 
completeness;  but,  noVortlieloss,  I  hope  it  will  bring  out  tho  principal  fea- 
tures of  the  subject. 


PA.IiT  I. 


I'llIMITIVK  LAPIDARIAN  8CULPTUUKS  IN  EUUOIM:  AND  ASIA 


SCOTLAND,  KTC. 

Foremost  aiiioiig  tlio  workn  rulatiii^  to  tlio  |M'"Mlinr  kind  of  H(>iil{)tiiro 
iiiider  coiiHidcratioii  Btaiids  tliat  entitled  "Arcliaiv  u-ulittiires  of  (Jups,  (!ir- 
eles,  (■'.■-.  'ipon  Stones  and  HoekH  in  Srotland,  Knjjiand,  and  other  Coun- 
tries," by  Professor  J  Y.  Simpson.*  Tlie  author's  den  riptions  ehietly  rehito 
to  the  oecurrenco  of  cupped  and  other  enffraved  Btones  in  Seothmd;  but  also 
those  that  have  been  observed  in  Enghmd,  Wales,  Ireland,  Urittuny,  Sweden, 
and  Denmark  are  mentioned  bv  way  of  comparison. 

Accordinjr  to  Professor  Simpson,  the  cup-shaped  cavities  and  other 
sculptured  figures  (presently  to  be  described)  occur  in  the  Uritish  Islands, 
more  especially  in  Scotland,  as  follows: — 

I.  On  stones  connected  with  archaic  sepidture,  as — 

1.  On  stones  of  niegalithic  circles, 

2.  On  stones  of  niegalithic  avenues, 

3.  On  stones  of  dolmens, 

4.  On  chambered  tunudi, 

5.  On  stone  cists  and  covers  of  urns, 

6.  On  standing  stones  or  monoliths. 

•  rnlilinliiMl  in:  rnMe<'iliii({H  of  lh«  Socivly  of  Ai)lic|iiiirliH  of  .Sditlaiiil,  KiKlily-liflli  .Siwiioii 
( IHf(4 -Tm) ;  KilinbiirKli,  18(57.  Tlio  copy  ut  my  diHposal  (from  llic  I,il>rnry  of  CoiinrfMM)  liiw no  Hpi-<'ial  til li', 
mill  1  liiiil  timt  till-  work  iH  qiiotdl  iiiiiUt  ilimnnl  titled.  I  wUmI  tliiit  niviii  l.y  rrofiHtM.r  Dowir  in  liiH 
oNHay  on  oiip-iitonoN. 

It  iH  n  n<ninrkabln  fact  tliat  Sir  JaiiicH  Y.  SinipMin,  tlm  iliHtinKiiixlicil  iinil  niiii'li-m'nipii'il  KiliiihurKli 
pliysiciiHi,  whonnitrmployiMl  iiniixitlHticH  iiiolmtflrli!  priutiie,  foiiiiil  Icimirc  toiluvoteliiniwlf  to  tkoniiiKli 
urvbicoIi)f(ivaI  JiivostiKationfi, ami  to  prmliicu  a  work  of  lii){li ill. 


10 


CIIPSIIAPKI)  AND  OTFIKK  LAIMDAUIAN  SDULl'TirUES. 


II.  On  stones  connci-ted  willi  lucliaic  liabitations,  as — 

7.   In  wot'ins,  or  undorj^roiind  houses, 
*  H.  In  fortified  buildings, 

I).  In  and  near  ancient  towns  and  camps, 
10.  On  the  surface  of  istdated  ro(d<s  (in   places  probably  once 
inhabited). 

III.  On  isolated  stones. 

Professor  Simpson  reduces  the  forms  of  the  senl|)tures  in  q.ue.stion  to 
seven  elementary  types,  here  reproduced  and  con)j)rised  under  I'^ig.  1,  in 
\vhi(di  each  type  is  distinctly  indicated.  I  also  briefly  present  such  extracts 
from  the  author's  accompanying;-  explanations  as  will  serve  to  allbrd  addi- 
tional information  on  the  subject. 

FiKST  TYPK.-  Sniffle  cups. — They  are  the  simplest  type  of  these  ancient 
stone-cuttinfjs.  Their  diameter  varies  from' one  inch  to  three  ii.ches  ami 
more,  while  they  are  often  only  half  an  inch  deep,  but  rarely  deeper  than 
an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half  They  counnonly  appear  in  difTerent  sizes  on 
the  same  stone  or  rock,  and  althonnji  they  sometimes  form  the  only  sculpt- 
ures ou  a  surface,  they  are  more  fre(pu'ntly  associated  with  fiynres  of  a 
different  cliavacter.  lie  observes  that  tliey  are  in  ginieral  scattered  without 
order  over  the  surface,  but  that  occasionally  four  or  live  or  nnire  of  them 
are  placed  in  move  or  less  regular  groups,  exhibiting  a  constellation-like 
arrangement. 

.Si'.coM)  TVPK. — ('iip.'isin-f()iiii(/((l  hi)  a  siiif/lc  liiiff. — Tlu;  incised  ring.sare 
usually  much  shallower  than  the  cups,  and  mostl}'  sin-round  cups  of  com- 
paratively largo  .size.  The  ring  is  either  complete  or  broken,  and  in  the 
latter  case  it  is  often  traversed  by  a  radial  groove  which  runs  from  the  cen- 
tral cap  through  and  even  bevond  the  ring. 

Tiiiun  TVPi;. — Ciijis  siirrouiiilnl  h//  a  srric.'i  of  roiHciitiiv  <(iiiijilrl(  riiiffs. — 
"In  this  comidete  amndar  form,"  says  Professor  Simpson,  "the  central  cuj) 
is  generally  more  deeply  cut  than  the  surrounding  rings,  but  m)t  alwavs." 
The  nundjer  of  rings  varies  from  two  to  seven,  or  even  more. 

l'\)nRTil  TYPK. — Cups  sur>'iuiiili'(l  hi/  II  series  nf  rittnriitiir  hut  iinnwphlc 
liiif/s,  Jidi'ii.ff  a  simif/lil  rud/ul  in'i<nr.~'Vh\s  type.  Professor  Simpson  thiidis, 
constitutes,  perhaps,  the  most  t-unnuoii  fo.-iu  of  the  (innlar  (-arvings.     The 


IlAU.l 


TYI'K«  OF  SCULPTIIKHS. 


II 


riiijfs  ffciiorally  toiicli  tlic  radial  liiu!  at  both  oxlrciiiitics,  l)iif  soniotimcs  tlicy 
tcnniiiato  on  ((ucli  si(l(>  of  it  without  toiichiii''-  it.  The  radial  {ijroovo  occasion- 
ally  (.'xtends  considerably  beyond  the  outer  circle,  ijnd  in  most  cases  it  runs  in 
a  more  or  less  downward  direction  on  the  stone  or  rock.  "Souietinies  it  runs 
on  and  unites  into  a  connnon  line  with  other  ducts  or  j^rooves  cf)niinfi[  I'roui 
other  circles,  till  thus  several  series  of"  concentric  rings  are  conjoined  info  a 
largoi"  or  smaller  cluster  .I'lited  together  bj-  the  extension  of  their  radial 
branch-like  grooves."  This  typo  usually  exhibits  from  three  to  six  rings, 
the  outermost  having  a  diameter  of  from  ten  to  sixteen  inches.  But  the 
author  measured  one  specimen  at  Auchnabreach,  Argyle.shire,  Scotland, 
three  feet  in  diameter  and  (-omposed  of  eight  circles. 

Fifth  tvi'i;. — ('iij>s  sKrroiOKh'd  liif  coiicodt-ic  riDf/s  mid  flexed  lines. — "'i1io 
nundjor  of  inclosing  or  concentric  rings  is  generally  fewer  in  this  ty])o 
than  in  the  two  last  i)receding  types,  and  seldom  exceeds  two  or  three  in 
nund)er." 

Sixth  tvi'K. — Coiircnfrie  riiifis  wUlhud  a  eeidntl  cup. — In  a  compara- 
tively limited  nundier  of  cases  th(^  concentric  rings  of  the  types  already 
described  appear  without  a  central  cup  or  (le])ression,  which  is,  however, 
most  fre(pienlly  wanting  in  the  complete  concentric  circles  of  the  third  ty|)e. 
Skvknth  tyi'i:. — (^meodrie  eirndar  lines  nf  tlie  fonii  of  a  siiiral  or 
rolide. — The!  central  beginning  of  the  spiral  line  is  usually,  but  not  always, 
marked  by  a  cup-like  excavation.  "'J'he  volute  or  spiral  is,  |)erhaps,  the 
r.arost  of  the  forms  of  circular  ring-ci'ttings  in  (-Jreat  ]5rit;iin;  but  this  t}pe 
seems  common  on  the  incised  stones  of  Ireland  and  IJrittany." 

It  often  occurs  that  two,  three,  or  more  of  these  various  types  are  found 
on  the  same  stone  or  rock,  a  fact  proving,  to  use  Professor  Simpson's  lan- 
guage, "that  they  are  intimately  allied  to  each  other,  l)elong  t(t  the  same 
archaic  S''hool  of  art,  and  have  a  communitv  of  character  and  orimn." 

In  I'late  II  of  his  work  Professor  Simpson  represents  what  he  calls  "the 
chief  de\'ations  from  the  })iiucipal  types."  1  reproduce  here  this  plate  as 
Fig.  2  without  fV.rther  comment,  drawing  oidy  attention  to  tlu;  fn'st  four 
designs,  which  represent  cups  connect(>(l  by  grooves.  This  is  a  noticeable 
and  fre(p:ently  occurring  feature,  as  will  l»e  seen  hereafter.  In  order  to  show 
the  co-existence  of  dilferent  types  on  the  sumo  stone  surface,  and  the  manner 


I 


12 


CUPSHAIMM)  AND  OTUEK  LAIMDAHIAN  SCDLPTURKS. 


in  which  they  are  grouped,  I  give  in  Fig.  3  (copied  from  Plato  XXIII 
of  Simpson's  work)  views  of  sculptured  rock-surfaces  at  Auchnabreach, 
Argyleshiro,  Scotland.  Simple  cups,  cups  surrounded  by  one  ring  or  by 
concentric  rings  with  radial  grooves,  and  spirals,  appear  hero  promiscuously 
mingled.  Fig.  4,  taken  from  Simpson's  work  (Plate  XVII,  3),  exhibits 
isolated  as  well  as  connected  cups,  a  cup  surrounded  by  a  ring,  and  con- 
centric rings  with  radial  grooves,  on  a  standing  stone  (menhir)  belonging  to 
a  grou})  of  seven  at  Ballymenach,  in  the  parish  of  Kilmichael-Glassary,  in 
Argyleshire,  Scotland. 

In  the  many  examples  of  rock-sculpture  mentioned  and  illustrated  by 
designs  by  Professor  Simpson,  groups  of  simple  cups  appear  not  very  fre- 
quently as  the  onl}-  markings  on  a  stone-surface;  in  most  cases,  as  exemplified 
by  Figures  3  and  4,  they  are  accompanied  with  cups  suirounded  by  rings 
or  associated  with  other  figures  of  a  more  or  less  complex  character.  But 
in  view  of  the  occurrence  of  simple  cups  on  stones  and  rocks  in  North 
America,  I  Avill,  for  the  present,  direct  my  attention  to  corresponding  sculp- 
tures in  the  Old  World,  and  briefly  enumerate  the  stones  noticed  by  the 
Scottish  savant  on  which  the  cup-like  cavities  appear  unmixed  with  other 
figures,  excepting  the  before-mentioned  grooves  by  which  they  are  now  and 
then  connected.  These  simple  carvings,  it  will  be  seen,  mostly  occur  on 
stones  of  megalithic  monuments. 

1. — Prop-stone  of  a  dolmen  at  Lancresse,  in  the  Island  of  Guernsey. 
It  shows  eleven  cups  of  from  three  to  four  inches  diameter,  arranged  in  a 
row  close  to  one  of  the  edges  of  the  stone  and  ftdlowing  its  curvature 
(Simpson,  Plate  VIII,  L»). 

2. — Cap-stone  of  a  dolmen  in  the  vicinity  of  the  village  of  Katho, 
in  Edinburghshire,  Scotland.  On  its  upper  surface  is  sculptured  a  row  of 
twenty  cups,  which  rtuis  in  a  straight  median  line  from  one  end  of  the  stono 
to  the  other.  In  addition,  there  is  a  cup  ])laced  on  either  side  of  the  central 
row.  The  largest  cups  measure  about  three  inches  in  <liaineter,  and  are 
half  an  inch  deep.  The  cap-stone  is  a  block  ol  secondary  basalt,  or  wiiin- 
stone,  about  twelve  feet  long,  ten  in  breadth,  and  two  in  thickness  (Simps(m, 
Plate  IX,  1). 

3. — Cap-stone  of  a  dolmen  near  the  village  of  Clynnog  Fawr,  in  Caer- 


IIAF.) 


SCOTLAND,  ETC. 


13 


it' 


narvoiisliire,  Wales.  Its  upper  surfiice  is  covered  witli  a  large  number  of 
cups  nnuiing  in  oblique,  but  almost  parallel,  lines.  Two  long  grooves,  form- 
ing an  acute  angle,  connect  a  number  of  the  cups  (Simpson,  Plato  IX,  2). 
This  dolmen  is  represented  as  Fig.  .'J  on  Plate  III  of  Desor's  "  Pierres  i\ 
Ecuelles,"  but  eiToneously  marked  Dolmen  dc  llatho.  I  reproduce  Professor 
Simpson's  view  of  the  dolmen  as  Fig.  5. 

4. — Large  stone  which  formerly  occupied  the  centre  of  a  still  complete 
stone  circle  at  Mon.^rieff,  a  few  miles  south  of  Perth,  Scotland.*  It  has 
carved  ujion  its  surface  about  seventeen  irregularly-distributed  cups  of 
difterent  sizes  (Simpson,  Plate  IV,  2). 

5. — Block  of  a  small  circle  surrounding  a  ki.stvaen,  or  stone  cist,  at  Oat- 
lands,  in  the  Isle  of  Man.  The  design  shows  in  one  corner  of  the  block 
eighteen  cup-nuirkings,  which  form  five  irregular  rows  (Sinipson,  Plate 
VIII,  1).     Fig.  6  of  this  publication. 

fi. — One  of  the  roofing-stones  in  the  chamber  of  the  largo  elongated 
tumulus,  Mont  Saint-Michel,  at  Carnac,  lirittany.  It  shows  on  the  inner 
side  six  apparently  large  cups,  placed  without  special  order  (Simpson,  Plato 
XI,  G). 

7. — Two  stones  in  chambered  tumuli  at  Clava,  in  Inverness-shire,  Scot- 
land. Upon  the  surface  of  one  of  them  are  seen  twelve  cups,  apparently 
of  equal  size;  the  other  stone  shows  five  of  them,  which  arc  placed  in  the 
shape  of  an  irregular  cross  (Simpson,  Plate  X,  3  aiul  4).  Fig.  7  represents 
the  fir.st-mentioned  of  these  .stones. 

8  — Stone  probably  belonging  to  a  chamber  within  a  stone  circle  on 
Cloughton  Moor,  near  Scarborough,  Englaiul.  One  side  shows  four  cups, 
the  other  thr'C  (Simpson,  Plate  XI,  4). 

9.— -Monolith  standing  near  Dunbar,  Kast-Lothian,  Scotland.  Upon 
one  of  its  sides  appear  five  cups,  so  placed  that  they  might  mark  the  angles 
of  an  irregular  pentagon  (Simpson,  Plato  IV,  3).     Reproduced  as  Fig.  8. 

10.— Conical  standing  stone  in  the  bourg  or  village  of  the  Forest,  in 
the  Island  of  Gnernsoy.  There  are  upon  it  three  apparently  largo  cups, 
forming  a  row  in  the  longitudinal  direction  of  the  stone,  but  placed  far 
apart  (Simpson,  Plato  VIII,  2). 

•Tlio  Hizo  of  flu^  Dlijcets  finiircil  in  Siiiiimnn'H  work  is  riiri'ly  iiulic'ivtctl. 


14 


CUP  SHAPED  AND  OTHER  LAPIDAUIAN  SCULPTURES. 


11. — Standing  stone,  nearly  ten  feet  liigli,  in  tlie  neighborhood  of  Edin- 
burgh, where  it  is  known  as  the  "Caiy  Stone."  Between  two  and  three 
feet  from  the  ground  is  sculptured  on  one  of  its  sides  a  horizontal  row  of 
six  cups,  i)laced  closely  together  (Simpson,  Plate  XVII,  1).  A  view  of  this 
stone,  differing  from  Simpson's  representation,  is  given  by  Professor  Daniel 
Wilson.^' 

12. — Isolated  stone  near  Balvniid,  in  Inverness-shire,  Scotland.  It 
measures  above  six  feet  in  length,  and  is  covered  with  many  cups,  five  pairs 
of  which  are  joined  by  straight  or  ciu-ved  grooves  (Simpson,  Plate  XIV,  2). 
Reproduced  as  Fig.  9. 

13. — Stone  found  among  the  ruins  of  an  ancient  fortification  at  Laws, 
in  Forfarshire,  Scotland.  The  stone  shows  sixteen  cups,  which  form  an 
irregidar  oval  group  (Sinipson,  ^late  XII,  5).     Fig.  10  in  this  publication. 

14. — Rock  lying  in  a  wood  behind  the  church-yard  of  Kirk  Braddan, 
in  the  Isle  of  Man.  On  one  side  eight  cups  are  distributed  without  order; 
on  the  other  an  equal  number  i.s  recognizable,  and  here  two  pairs  are  con- 
joined by  straight  grooves  (Simpson,  Plate  XXVI,  4). 

15. — The  Baal  or  Balder  Stone,  near  Falkciping,  Sweden  (Simpson, 
Plate  XXXI,  1).  It  will  be  described  and  figured  in  my  notice  of  Swedish 
cup-stones. 

Professor  Simpson  represents  in  all  about  a  hundred  stones  upon  which 
figiu-es  are  sculptured,  and  my  enumeration  shows  that  among  these  only 
sixteen  bear  exclusively  cup-shaped  cavities,  which  are  in  some  instances 
conjoined  by  grooves.  I  have  to  mention,  however,  that  ho  also  alludes  in 
his  work  to  a  number  of  simple  cup-cuttings  which  ho  does  not  figure.  I 
presented  the  preceding  summary  simply  for  the'  purpose  of  showing  that 
cups  unaccompanied  by  other  figures  are  not  very  frequently  met  with 
on  stones  in  Scotland,  England,  and  the  smaller  islands  belonging  to  Groat 
Britain. 

•  Wilson :  The  Arclitrology  and  Prcliistoric  AnnulH  of  Scotland ;  Edinburgh,  1601,  p.  90. 


UAU.l 


SCOTLAND.  KTC;.— KNtiLANl). 


15 


ENGLAND. 


An  important  publication  relating  to  Phiglish  rock-sculpture  of  the 
peculiar  kind  hero  examined  is  that  by  Mr.  George  Tate,  entitled  "The 
Ancient  British  Sculptured  Rocks  of  Northumberland  and  the  Eastern  Bor- 
ders" (Alnwick,  18C5).*  While  Professor  Simpson  chiefly  treats  of  Scot- 
tish sculptures,  yet  draws  also  those  of  other  countries  within  the  sphere  of 
his  observations,  Mr.  Tate's  work,  as  its  title  indicates,  is  mainly  devoted  to 
a  narrower  district  in  the  North  of  England. 

The  rock-sculptures  of  Northumberland  described  by  Mr.  Tate  are 
almost  absolutely  analogous  to  those  hitherto  considered,  and  appear  to  be 
of  contemporaneous  origin  with  them.  The  well-developed  spiral  lino, 
however,  does  not  occur  among  the  English  sculptures  figured  by  Mr.  Tate. 
For  the  rest,  we  behold  here  the  same  rings  with  central  cups  and  radial 
grooves,  etc.,  which  form  most  curious  and  complicated  groups,  and  are 
frequently  accompanied  by  simple  cups.  Yet,  in  none  of  the  illustrations 
published  by  the  author  do  they  constitute  the  solo  sculptures  of  a  rock- 
surface.  The  general  results  of  Mr.  Tate's  investigations  in  Northumber- 
land are  summed  up  in  the  following  rt'sumc  on  page  27  of  his  treatise: — 

"From  this  survey  we  find  that  fifty-three  sculptured  stones  have  been 
observed  in  Northumberland,  and  that  there  are  inscribed  on  them  about 
three  hundred  and  fifty  figi  -es.  All  of  them  are  more  or  less  connected 
with  ancient  British  remains.  Four  of  them  formed  the  covers  of  cisls; 
four  were  probably  covers  of  cists ;  two  are  within  a  few  yards  of  barrows, 
beneath  which  are  similar  small  sepulchral  chambers ;  five  of  them  are 
within  ancient  British  camps ;  eight  of  them  are  not  more  distant  from  such 
camps  than  a  hundred  yards,  most  of  the  others  are  less  distant  than  half  a 
mile,  and  none  further  away  than  a  mile.  Their  relation,  however,  to  the 
campp,  forts,  and  hut-circles — the  dwellings  of  the  aiu-ient  British  people — 
is  more  apparent  than  to  their  sepulchres." 

To  this  I  will  add  that  the  sculptin-es  observed  by  Mr.  Tate  within  or 

'  The  illimtratod  work  on  incised  ninrkings  on  stone  in  Nortlinmlieiland,  etc.,  publiMlietl  in  18(i;i  by 
illrection  of  (lie  late  Ilnke  of  Nortlinmbrrliind,  \\a»  not  within  my  reacli. 


16 


CUP-SnAPED  AND  OTHER  LAPIDAKIAN  SCULPTURES. 


in  the  neighborhood  of  cnnips  and  fortifications  arc  mostly  executed  on 
sandstone  rock  in  situ. 

I  shall  have  occasion  to  refer  again  to  Mr.  Tate's  interesting  nionogniph. 

Of  particular  interest  is  a  class  of  small  English  cup-stones,  which 
the  Rev.  William  Greenwell  found  in  no  inconsiderable  number  during  his 
extensive  exploration  of  English  barrows.  He  refers  to  them  repeatedlj% 
but  with  special  minuteness  in  his  account  of  a  baiTOw  in  the  parish  of 
Kilburn,  in  Yorkshire.  This  ban-ow,  which  measured  forty-two  feet  in 
diameter,  was  no  longer  in  its  original  state,  having  been  much  disturbed 
in  recent  times  for  the  sake  of  the  stones  which  formed  it.  No  traces  of 
any  interment  remained,  a  fact  ascribed  by  Mr.  Greenwell  to  the  total  dis- 
appearance of  the  bones  by  decay.  According  to  his  opinion,  a  burned  body 
had  never  been  interred  in  this  mound,  for  in  that  case  some  fragments  of 
calcined  bones  would  have  come  to  light.  On  the  east  side  of  the  baiTow 
was  found  a  stone  with  two  grooves  running  crosswise,  and  probably  pro- 
duced by  the  sharpening  of  some  stone  implement. 

"A  remarkable  feature  in  this  barrow,"  Mr.  Greenwell  continues,  "was 
tiie  very  large  number  of  stones  (more  than  twenty)  of  various  sizes,  from 
five  inches  to  eighteen  inches  square,  and  of  different  and  irregular  shai)es, 
on  which  pit  or  cup-markings  had  been  formed.  These  hollows  were  both 
circular  and  oval,  and  differed  in  size  from  one  incii  in  diameter  to  three 
inches,  and  their  depth  was  about  two  inches.  The  oval  pits,  as  a  rule, 
were  not  very  regular  in  outline.  Some  of  the  stones  had  only  one  pit- 
marking  upon  them,  others  had  as  many  as  six;  oii  some  they  were  quite 
separate  from  each  other,  on  others  they  were  connected  by  a  shallow  but 
wide  groove.  They  were  all  formed  in  a  soft  and  very  light  oolitic  sand- 
stone, and  the  pits  were  in  most  cases  as  fresh  as  if  only  made  yesterday, 
showing  most  distinctly  the  marks  of  the  tool,  which  appeared  to  have  been 
a  sharp-pointed  instrument,  and  very  probably  of  flint.  It  is  not  easy  to 
attribute  any  special  purpose  to  these  stones  or  to  their  markings.  The 
condition  of  the  pits,  showing  no  signs  of  wear  (for  had  anything  been 
ground  or  rubbed  in  them,  the  marks  of  the  tooling  upon  so  soft  a  stone 
would  have  been  speedily  effaced),  seems  to  preclude  the  idea  that  they 
were  intended  for  any  domestic  or  manufacturing  process.     On  the  whole, 


RAU.i 


ENGLAND-IRELAND. 


17 


I  prefer  to  regard  them  as  symbolic  representations,  though  as  to  what  their 
significancy  may  be,  I  confess  myself  unable  to  offer  anything  more  than 
conjecture."  He  then  draws  attention  to  their  resemblance  "to  the  sim- 
ilarly-shaped pits  which,  found  sometimes  alone  and  sometimes  in  connection 
-  ith  incomplete  circles,  have  been  discovered  so  extensively  in  Nttrthum- 
berland,  Yorkshire,  Arg3leshire,  Kerry,  and  other  parts  of  the  United 
Kingdom,  occurring  in  many  cases  upon  rocks,  but  very  frequently  upon 
detached  .stones  of  greater  or  loss  size"*  In  general,  Mr.  Greenvvell  met 
with  such  cup-stones  in  barrows  containing  burned  human  remains.  He 
lays  particular  stress  on  the  freshness  of  their  cavities,  and  the  latter  cir- 
cumstance— if,  indeed,  these  cu[)-stones  were  designed  for  any  practical 
purpose— renders  the  sf»lution  of  the  question  of  their  use  extremely  diffi- 
cult, or  jjerhaps  im2)Ossible. 


IRELAND. 

Sculptures  analogous  to  those  hitherto  considered  have  been  discovered 
in  Ireland,  more  especially,  as  it  appears,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  king- 
dom. A  large  stone  .slab,  found  in  tlie  County  of  Kerry,  and  figured  by 
Profess:  r  Simpson  on  1'lute  XXVII,  shows  on  its  surface  single  cups  aa 
well  as  others  sin-rouna.  d  by  circles,  the  latter  being  in  part  traversed  and 
connected  by  grooves.  Mr.  'I'ate  likewise  mentions  similar  Irish  sculjitures, 
and  represents  on  Plate  XI  (Fig.  8)  a  stone  found  in  the  ai^ove-named 
county  underneath  .several  feet  of  peat  In  lieu  of  a  description  of  this 
stone,  I  i)resent  in  Fig.  1 1  a  ('(ipy  of  Jlr.  Tate's  design  of  the  same. 

These  simpler  sculptures  are  often  as.sociated  in  Ireland  with  other 
devices,  such  as  .stars,  ro.settes,  crosses,  triangles,  zigzags,  etc.,  which,  as 
far  as  I  know,  have  not  been  oltserved  in  Gn>at  Britain.  Such  an  assem- 
blage of  figures  is  exhibited  on  the  side-surface  of  a  block  fashioned  as  a 
rude  seat,  and  belonging  to  the  stone  circle  which  surrounds  a  large  cairn 
at  Lough  Crew,  near  Oldcastle,  Leinster.     This  block,  of  more  than  ten 


2  L  s 


•  Grcfinvell  and  Rollcston  :  Urifisli  Barrows,  etc. ;  Oxford,  1877,  p.  341,  etc. 


18 


<Ml|'.SIIAI'i:i)  AM)  OTIIKU  LAIMDAIMAN  SCrLl'TUUES. 


tons  wcij^lit,  and  known  iis  "tlic  IIa;r's  Cliair,"  lias  lu'cn  (U'scrilK'd  and 
fij^nri'd  by  .Mr.  .Ijjmk's  IVr^russon.*  JIany  i>f  tlu!  stont's  Tunning  tlio  cliani- 
Ikt  of  tlio  tnniuliis  at  Louj^li  Crew  aro  liki-wiso  ornaniciitod  witii  various 
devices,  as  seen  in  ilio  rL'|uosontiitions  of  two  of  tlieni  given  by  Mr.  Fer- 
gusson  t  I  present  as  Fig.  12  a  eopy  of  one  of  liia  designs.  The  sonlptnro 
on  this  stone  is  (>ven  more  charaeteristie  than  that  on  the  Hag's  Chair. 

Of  a  still  more  artistic  eharaeter  aro  the  sciil[)tures  on  the  stones  in  the 
celebrated  eairns  oi'  New  Grange  and  Dowth,  in  tiio  neighborhood  of 
Drogheda.  Here  are  seen  graceful  groups  of  (K)uble  spirals,  serolls,  niatii- 
eniatii-al  devices,  and  even  designs  resembling  palm  or  fern-like  ])lants — 
in  general  forms  evidently  belonging  to  a  later  period  than  the  cup  and 
ring-cuttings  jjrevionsly  treated.  Mr.  Fergusson  takes  occailon  to  draw 
attention  to  the  progressive  development  shown  in  Irish  sculpture.! 


FRANCK. 

The  dolmen- stones  of  IJrittany  likewise  exhibit  sculptures  ftir  superior 
in  design  to  those  of  Scotland  and  England,  and  doubtless  belonging  to  a 
more  advaiu-ed  stage  of  primitive  art.  Though  we  behoUl  here  curious 
concentric  circles  and  sj)iral  lines,  which  bear  a  distant  resemblance  to  the 
sculptures  of  Great  Britain,  wo  also  meet  with  real  ornaments,  snake-like 
designs,  and  representations  of  hafted  and  uuhafted  celts.  Some  of  the 
sculptures  of  Brittany  are  raised  and  not  incised.  A  very  characteristic 
o\itline  of  a  celt  in  a  plumed  handle  is  seen  on  the  roof  of  a  dolmen  called 
"the  Merchant's  Table,''  near  Locmariaker.     It  is  here  reproduced  as  Fig.  l."». 

The  tumulus  on  the  Ishuid  of  (!avr"  Iiiis,  in  the  Bay  of  Morbihan,  a 

*  Fcr^iisaoii ;  Riulo  Sloiin  Muiiimii'iits  in  all  t'oiiniiicn  ;  I.iinilon,  1M72,  ]>.  S!15. 

t  Uii.i.,  11.  ■.'111. 

t  Il)i(l..  ji.  ■-'','•.2.  Ill  ailililion,  liowi'vc'P,  In-  .says  iiii  tlir  .-iaiiu'  pap' ;  "  It  wipiild  he  an  rxtriuu  ly  ilan- 
p'Kins  line  «(  ai'!;iiini'nt  to  ajiply  llii.s  law  ol'  iinij;ii'ssivi'  (IrvclninniMit  to  ali  oonnliiis.  In  Inilia, 
osiirrially,  it  i:i  very  IVi'iiiii  ntly  ii'vrr.scd.  Tlii'  nnlcst  art  i.t  dl'trii  niucli  nicirc  nii  ilcni  than  tlii'  must 
ri'llnrd,  Imt  in  Irt'lainl  Iliis  appanntly  iuvit  was  tlie  casi".  I-idiu  tlic  carlicsl  scratcliiiiK.s  im  pillar- 
Btono.s  down  tn  the  l',ii^li.-*li  rdncpicNt  lior  art  Nrems  to  have  bcoti  iinl'altcrinf;ly  proyri  .■<.'*iv<'." 

Illnstraliiinsdl'  llio  scidptiircs  of  New  Graiigo  and  Dowth  ar«  given  by  Simpson  and  rirgiis.son  in 
tliiir  wiirk.s  hen'  ipiolfd. 


IIAII  1 


lUKLAND— FHANdK. 


11) 


few  miles  oast  of  Loi'inariiikor,  is  of  frri'iit  interost  to  arcliivolo<^ists,  on 
account  of  tlio  snilptiircd  stones  fonninjf  its  clianibcr,  upon  wliicli  fjronps 
of  intricate  concentric  uiid  spiral  linos,  and  outlines  of  objects  ffcnerally 
considered  as  celts  are  tnicod.  Tiiese  stones  have  repeatedly  lieen  repre- 
sented.    V'lg.  14  is  a  copy  ,»f  one  of  Mr.  Fer^nisst)irs  illustrations. 

Yet,  the  fact  that  cup-cuttin^rs  are  not  wantiiiir  in  this  part  of  Fraiu'o 
is  oxoniplified  by  the  rooliny-stone  of  Mont  Saint-Michel,  at  Carnac,  which 
has  been  alluded  to  on  a  precediii}^  I'iif^i'.  'I'l'i*  Ucv.  W.  C.  Lukis, 
moreover,  connnunicatcd  to  Mr.  E.  T.  Stevens  that  he  had  found  in  twelve 
eases  cup-cuttinj^s  cmi  dolmen-stones  of  Hrittany  (mostly  upon  cai)-.stones), 
and  in  one  case  on  a  slab  near  the  entrance  of  a  jralleried  chamber.  Ue 
further  observed  them  twice  on  menhirs,  once  on  n  rock  in  ,sifi(,  and  apain 
on  a  loose  stone  block,  all  in  the  same  region.*  It  is  not  menfimied 
whether  these  cups  occur  alone  or,  as  is  more  ])robabl(>,  accompanied  by 
other  liffures. 

1  am  not  aware  that  elaborate  sculptures  similar  to  those  of  ISrittany 
liavo  been  dL-Jcovered  in  the  southern  parts  of  France.  Simple  cup-cuttin^i-s, 
on  the  other  hand,  are  not  wantin;;  there,  and  more  of  them  doubtless  will 
become  known  in  th(^  course  of  further  investigation.  Professor  Desor 
draws  in  his  pamphlet  attention  to  the  report  of  Messr.s.  I'iette  and  Saca/.e, 
who  lately  examined  in  the  nei^-hborhood  of  Liudion,  in  the  I'vreuees,  a 
largo  number  of  megalithic  monunu-nts,  one  oi'  which,  calleil  Lr  ('(lilliaou 
iks  Pour  it's  (the  chicken-stone),  has  sculptured  on  its  surface  si.\ty-two  cnj)s, 
from  five  to  six  centimeters  in  diameter  and  from  two  to  three  centimeters  in 
di'pth.  Four  cups  in  the  middle  of  the  stone  are  conjoined  by  grooves  in 
such  a  mamu-r  that  they  form  a  cross.f  Flscwliere  in  his  ]iamplilet  (page 
21)  Professor  Desor  observes  that  thus  far  cup-stones  have  not  been 
noticed  in  the  Fast  of  Franco,  notwithstanding  the  alyundance  (tf  erratic 
blocks  in  that  region.  Shortly  afterward,  however,  31.  .\.  Falsan  described 
two  cui)-.sti)nes  which  ho  had  discovered  in  the  valley  of  the  IJliuiie.  One 
of  them,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Helley,  in  the  Department  of  the  Ain, 
deserves  particular  mention.     It  is  a  sandstone  b( udder  of  oval  slia])e,  a 

•Sti'Vi'iia;  Flint  Cliips;   L.indiHi,  IS70,  p.  490. 

t  I'ii'tli"  I'l  Satiizo:  Lcs  MomiiiK'iit.'i  ilr  In  Moutagiio  <l'lv<iii;ii'ii  (I'yruiu'cs) ;  Matcriaiix,  1S7,-',  p.  •.'Hi. 


20 


CITPailAPRD  AND  OTHKR  LAI'inATSIAX  SClTLPTrTRKa. 


motor  and  a  Imll'  lonj;  mid  sixty  contimotorH  in  tliii-knoHs,  hii\in<r  Mtidptiirod 
on  ita  nppor  Hurfiico  about  sixty  round  cupK,  (li«tril)utod  in  irrejfularjrroupH, 
and  in  Honio  instances  conjt)inod  hy  grooves,  which,  to  jndgo  from  the  very 
good  accompanying  ilhistration,  here  ropro(hu'.ed  as  Kig.  If),  are  niuch  shal- 
h)\vor  than  tlio  cavities.  Tlic  largest  cii|)  measures  eight  centimeters  in 
diameter;  the  otliers  are  smaller,  and  their  deptli  varies  between  a  few  mil- 
limeters aiul  thri'c  centirneters.  'i'he  pe(»ple  of  the  neighborhood  call  this 
block  La  JSoidc  dr  (lan/aiitiut,  attaching  to  it  tho  legend  that  it  was  hurled 
from  a  distance  to  its  present  place  by  tho  giant  of  that  name,  tho  impres- 
hIous  t>f  his  lingers  being  tho  very  cups  seen  on  its  surface. 

.  iM.  Falsan  alludes  to  the  existisnce  of  other  yet  unexamintMl  cup-stonos 
in  that  region,  and  a  further  search  probabl}'  will  am})ly  reward  tho  investi- 
gator.* 

Quite  recently  M  Louis  do  Malafosso  has  pointed  out  tho  occurrence  of 
cup-cuttings  on  rocks  in  the  Loziro  Department,  mentioning  in  particular  a 
schistose  rock  in  situ  near  the  rivulet  Hioulong,  not  far  from  a  jjhice  called 
(-hirac.  A  cornice-like  projection  of  this  rf)ck  shows  about  forty  cups, 
app/u'eiitly  grouped  without  order,  and  in  some  instances  coiuiected  by 
grooves,  as  indicated  in  Fig.  10,  which  is  a  copy  of  M.  de  Malafosse's 
illustration.  The  grooves  aro  shallower  than  the  cups,  the  latt.r  being  from 
three  to  four  centimeters  in  diameter  and  from  three  and  a  half  to  four 
centimeters  deep.  Tiio  cup  marked  A  is  larger  than  the  others.  These 
cavities  are  conical  in  shape  and  sonio  terminate  in  a  fiat  bottom.  M.  de 
Malafo.s.se  thinks  that,  though  the  rock  is  ver}-  hard,  the  cavities  might  have 
been  produced  by  the  rotation  of  a  flint  im])lement.t 

Additit>nal  discoveries  of  cap-stones  in  ditFerent  parts  of  France  may 
be  coniideutly  expected. 


"Knlsan:  De  la  I'rdsoncc  de  qmli|ii(s  i'lcrrrs  ik  r.iinlliH  dans  la  lunion  .Mojcimo  ilu  llasNiii  dii 
Iili6i»';  Mattriaiix,  MX,  p.  -JSO. 

tDv  MulaluHsc:  Li>8  I'ii'irva  ik  Uuiuiim  vt  lea  Rocbcrg  i!k  £cticllc8  daiiH  la  Lozi^ro;  MaKSiiauz,  1S70, 
1>.  97. 


RAUI 


FUANCK— HWlT/KULANn. 


21 


SWITZKULANI). 

In  this  country  crratif  bhtc-ks  lu-arin};  cnp-cuttinjrs  arc  not  rare.  Acconl- 
inf;  to  Prol'i'ssor  Dcsor,  alxnit  iil'ly  wcru  known  houk;  years  afjo,  twi'iity  of 
tlicni  Iiavinj;  been  found  in  the  French  cantons  of  tlic  republic;  and  owin<( 
to  tho  closer  search  on  the  part  of  yeoloyists  and  archaoloyists  their  nuni- 
bor  Hteadily  incroasos  by  \w\v  discovericw. 

Ho  fi}^ures  on  Plate  I  of  his  j)ainphlet  the  cup-stone  observed  as  early  as 
184!)  by  IVofesnor  V.  Troyon  at  tho  foot  of  the  .Fiira,  lu'ar  Mont  la-Ville,  in 
the  Canton  of  V^iud,  and  then  and  afterwanl  describcid  by  him.*  This  block 
consists  of  chlorite  slate,  is  ten  feet  and  a  half  lonj;-,  and  from  four  to  five 
feet  in  breadth.  Its  surface  exhii>its  twenty-seven  irre;;ularly-distributed 
cups,  of  which  the  larf^est  measures  nine  inches  in  diameter  and  four  inches 
and  a  half  in  depth;  the  others  are  considerably  smaller.  Some  of  the  cups 
foimin^f  the  central  ffroupare  connected  l)y  undMlalinf^  furrows  of  insi^fuili- 
ciint  depth,  and  a  short  straij^ht  j^roove  conjoins  two  cups  near  the  upper 
ei  d  of  the  rock.      I  ^rive  Professor  De.sor's  illustration  as  V'\<x.  17. 

Dr.  Ferdinand  Keller  has  describdl  the  cup-stones  of  Switzerland  in  a 
memoir  which  is  not  witliin  my  rench.t  lu  <).  F  L<'e's  translation  of  Dr. 
Keller's  reports  on  the  lake-dwellin<js  of  Switzerland  I  find  the  description 
and  representation  of  a  block  in  the  Lutcrhol:  near  Hienne,  in  the  Can- 
ton of  IJerne,  which  shows  twenty-one  cups,  arrani^ed  without  apparent 
order,  and  partly  connected  by  grooves,  'i'he  ldo(dc  weij^His  about  twenty 
hundred- weight,  and  consists  of  gneiss  J  Professor  Desoi  refers  (on  page 
14)  to  the  discovery  of  similar  blocks  in  th<'  neighborhood  of  Hienne,  with- 
out describing  them  in  detail ;  he  also  alludes  to  several  cup-stones  in  the 
environs  of  Ziirich. 

Cup-cuttings  appear  to  occur  in  Switzerland  mostly  on  boulders  of 
granite  and  gneiss,  and,  as  a  rule,  una.s.sociated  with  other  sculptured  figures. 

"Triiyon:  II;iliitiitii>ii.t  I.iicustrrH  di's  T('iii|w  .ViuiciiH  ct  MiHlcniis;  I.iiiisiiniH',  l-'W,  p.  Ifiw,  iiiilo. 

t  Oil'  Zriclii'ii-ddcr  .SihiiU'iistciiic  drr  Scliwriz,  in :  "  Mil  tli(iliin;;ci)  <lcr  Aiilii|ii:iiiHilii'ii  (iiwllacliaft 
ill  Ziiiioli,"  B<1.  XVH. 

tKidlcr:  I'jn^  I,aki'-l)wclllii;;s  of  Switzorlttnil  and  oilier  Pniis  nl'  Kuropc  ;  traiislaird  li.v  J.  K. 
hw;  London,  IHTS,  Vol.  I.,  |i  1(,();  Vol.  II,  rialuXXXlX,  M.    In  llic  dn,iii|iliiin  i'IhIiImiiii  ciipn  ans  Iiiou- 

tllMK'd  ;  tlu'   lif"!!!'!'  HJIOWS  tWt'llt.V-OllL'. 


22 


cuphiiaim:!)  and  ornmi  laimdaiman  sculptijhkh. 


Y«t,  lUTonliiiff  to  I'rot'csHor  I)c«or  (|mjj;«  12),  arock  uxliil>itiii;r  u  niuiihcr  of 
Hiiiiplt*  cupH  iiiitl  olio  cup  HiiiToiiiitU'd  hy  two  i-irrlcH  wiis  fonncrly  mocii  iioar 
tlio  villii^r(4  of  iMt'lM,  ill  tli(^  ('aiito)i  of  Saint  Gall.  IJiifoi'tiiiiatcly,  tliiH  rock 
lias  Ix't'ii  (l('stroy«'(l.  'I'liis  isolated  caHc,  Iiowcvcr,  is  in  ho  far  of  interest, 
as  it  oxuinpiilics  tlio  transition  from  tlio  siin|)lcr  and  earlier  cup-typu  to  u 
Hoinewliat  inoro  develoiied  tunii. 

Dr.  Keller  states  that  sinalh'r  cupped  stoiicH  liavo  been  found  in  tlio 
liiiko  of  Neiicliatel,  at  Corcolettes,  at  Font,  aliovo  Mstavayc^r,  and  at  tlio 
lake-dwellin<,' of  (Jortaillod,  just  opposite  tlio  hIioi'o,  almost  always  in  places 
which  are  dry  at  low  water. 

"The  iinphineiits  met  with  in  the  neij^hlxahood  of  these,  hollow  stones," 
he  continues,  "lielonjf  in  j^eneral  to  the  hroii/.e  aj^e.  The  cups  vary  from 
tliroo  to  ton  inches  in  diameter;  they  arc  .seldom  more  than  an  inch  in  depth. 
They  are  made  on  the  surface  of  tho  stono  without  any  kind  of  order,  ox- 
cejit  that  when  they  are  three  in  nuinher,  they  form,  as  it  were,  tho  points 
of  an  (Mpiilatt-ral  trian<j;l('."*  Thoufih  he  alludes  on  tim  sanu;  paf^c*  to  a 
relation  lietween  the^e  stones  and  the  hiv^v  cnp-hearin^r  lionlders  of  Switz- 
erland, he  seems  to  have  afterward  clianj,red  his  view,  and  to  re^fard  tho 
former  as  utonsils  desij^iied  for  .some  domestic,  purpose,  perhaps  for  {frindinj^ 
cereals  or  other  suhstancea  (Desor,  pajjo  H).  This  was  Professor  Troyon's 
ori<riiial  opiniou.f 

(lEltMANV  AND  AUHTUIA. 


As  far  as  I  could  leant,  no  cup-stones  havo  yet  been  discovered  iii 
Southern  (Jermany,  hut  it  hardly  admits  of  any  doubt  that  they  will  bo 
found  in  that  district,  when  diligent  search  is  made  for  them.  TluMr  occur- 
ronco  ill  North  Germany,  however,  is  well  established.  Mr.  C.  Jesson 
describes  in  tho  "  Zcit.schrift  fiir  Ethnologie"  (V(d.  IV,  1872,  p  223)  a  real 
cup-stono  discovered  by  liini  not  far  from  Eckernfordo  (Schleswig),  and  to 

"KcIIit:  I.uki'-DwcUiiijjH,  <'ti'.,V<il.  I,  ji.  KiO.  FIkm.  1- iinil  Hi,  on  I'liili' XXX1.\  (il'Ou' .snini' work 
rqiri'Heut  twii  dI'  th«'Hiitiiii|io<l  nIhiicn,  nne  willi  tlirec,  tlic  iitliir  willi  four  iiivilicK;  Init  llicir  hI/.i'  is  not 
iiiilii'ikti'il,  I'itliir  uii  IliK  pluli'  or  in  tlir  li'xi. 

t  "  II'iiiili<'H  i>i<rriH  imrli'iit  dupi'lits  IiiishIiih,  ilit  '.i  I'l  :s  pniii'i'H  (lt<  ijiiiinclri' siir  .''>i\  H  li);ni'»  il>'l>n>. 
t'liiiilciii',  iliKliiK  H  huiiHilniilr  ii  lnojrr  lU's gi'uiiih,  ijiaiH  <li)nl  Tiihu;;!'  ii  pii  fliv  loll  vaiic"'."— Yio^oii ;  lliilii 
tatioH»  LavuulrtD,  elc,  p.  l.'iS, 


IIAI<  I 


HVMTZKULAISl)— (IKUMANY  AND  AISTKIA. 


23 


wlii»;li  lut  altnl)ii((s,  (loiihtlcss  ornmcDUwIy,  tlit*  cliarncfcr  of  ii  Htoiic  upon 
wliicli  Htoju>  axes  wen;  ^roiiixl.  'I'liis  hlock,  which  is  li^nn'cd  in  the*  "Zcit- 
Hchril't"  (I'hitc  XIV).  fonwists  of  Knmitc,  in  live  I'l'iit  U>n<^,  liaH' uh  \vi(h',  uimI 
oxhihits  upon  its  surfaco  twenty-four  cups  of  unctiual  size.  Miss  ,J.  Mcstorf, 
tho  acconiphshcd  custodian  of  tlie  AnOundoffical  A[us»'uni  at  Kiel  (ll(d- 
Hti'in),  mentions,  n»  tlio  resuU  of  her  carefid  examination  of  varicuis  records, 
that  sixteen  cup-stonoH  liuvo  been  fiumd  in  the  (hudues  of  Stdih^swi;,''  anil 
llolstein,  of  which  five  only  are  still  known  to  exist,  the  others  bein;;  either 
destroyed  or  no  loiifjcr  traceai)le.  She  refers  tt»  a  specimen  taken  out  of  a, 
{furden-wall  in  Sehkswi},'',  and  presevveil  in  the  Museum  of  Kiel,  upon  which 
four  of  the  cups  are  joined  by  {,'rooves,  tlms  presentiuj,''  the  shape  of  a  cross. 
Another  specimen  in  tli»(  same  museum,  whii  h  c<msists  of  white  marble 
and  is  only  7.5  centimeters  in  size,  shows  on  both  si(h's  a  numlier  of  dimin- 
utive cups,  resenddiu},'  tho.se  seen  on  lar<re  stones  and  rocks  It  was  found 
in  a  burial-urn  from  a  cemet<'ry  pertaining,''  to  the  early  aj^e  of  iron,  near 
Altiuia  (llolstein),  and  is  considered  as  an  anndet.  There  is  further  men- 
ticmed  a  cupped  stone  near  Albersdorf  (llolstein),  whicdi  formed  one  of  the 
three  'id-stones  tf  a  cist  covered  by  a  mouml  of  earth,  and  containiu',''  only 
a  fnn  Hired  flint  lance-head.  On  the  nj)per  side  of  the  stone,  which  has  not 
been  removed,  are  sculptured  more  than  a  hundred  cups  and  a  (if^ure  like  a 
wheel  with  four  spokes — a  desijfu  not  unconunon  in  Denmark  and  the  Scan- 
dinavian countries,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  secpu'l.  Another  stone,  found  in 
u  tnnudus  at  IMsby  (Schleswt^'),  shcnvs  a  curious  system  of  cups  and  con- 
necting; grooves,  both  rather  shallow,  to  judf^e  from  a  representation  by  Dr. 
Henry  Petersen.*  This  relic  is  now  in  the  Museum  of  (Copenhagen.  A 
stone  found  in  a  tumulus  near  Arrild  (Schleswig)  had  cups  .sculptured  on 
one  side,  and  on  the  other  the  word  Foliir,  in  runic  characters.  This 
remarkable  piece  of  lajjidarian  sculjiture  was  put  out  of  sight  by  its  last 
owner,  who  used  it  in  building  the  foundation  of  a  barn.  Five  or  si.x  of 
the  cup-stones  traced  by  Miss  Mestorf  occurred  in  or  in  coimeetion  with 
burial-pluces.f 

•  In:  M(''iiiiiii('M  dr  la  Si)ii<^ti5  Itovftlc  <li'«  Aiiliiiiiiiirt'H  dii  Nonl,  1H77,  ]i.  :i;t.">. 

t.I.  McMtorf:  I'cbcr  ScliiilciiNltiiir.  I.,  in:  Coinspciiiili'iiz  lilall  (Ur  IViilsilu'ii  .^iithropolci^jisiihcii 
fliscllwliiit'l,  1H7!I,  S.  :i:- WoiMaar:  IHc  Vmyc  siliiclitr  ilrs  Norilciis  iiaili  gli'icli/.cili(icti  Doiikiiiiili'rii ; 
ill's  iJciitsclii-  iilii'i'tra)!i'ii  vim  .1.  Mfntinl';  llainlmrt;,  1H7S,  S.  II. 

tSiiicii  lliu  itbovo  was  wiiKoii,  I  liitve  been  fuvorcil  Willi  a  lillii'  rnim  MIks  Misliiif,  daUil  A|>iil  :l, 


24 


CUrSnAPED  AND  OTHER  LAPIDARIAN  SCULPTURES. 


Ai-'cordiiig  to  Mr.  Fricdol,  cup-cuttings  occur  on  n>ogalitJiic  inonunicnts 
in  the  Islnnd  of  Kiigcu,  situated  in  the  Baltic  Sea,  opposite  Stralsund,  Prus- 
sia, and  OH  nH'ks  in  dillVront  parts  of  Silesia,  lie  refers  to  a  rock  called 
the  Bmhofs-Siein  (Bishop's  Stone),  at  or  near  Xieniegk,  in  the  Province  of 
Braiidenhurg,  Prussia,  njjon  which  are  sculptured,  on  one  side  a  Maltese 
cross  and  the  date  la'.K),  and  on  the  other  a  chalice,  across,  and  several 
cups,  while  its  top  shows  a  trough-shai)ed  cavity.*  The  connnnnications 
of  that  gentleman  relative  to  the  cnp-like  cavities  executed  on  the  walls  of 
many  churches  in  Germany  and  Sweden,  «nd  thus  hearing  witness  to  the 
practice  of  cup-cutting  Avithin  comparatively  recent  times,  are  of  great  in- 
terest.f  But  as  I  shall  revert  to  this  subject  in  another  section  of  tiiis  essay, 
I  refrain  from  eidarging  on  it  in  this  place. 

Though  of  late  years  much  has  been  said  in  Germany  concerning 
cupped  stoies,  it  appears  that  two  of  them,  long  ago  briefly  described  and 
figured  by  Samuel  Ghristoph  Wagener,  have  recently  escaped  the  notice  of 
German  archaeologists.  One  of  tliem  is  thus  mentioned  l)y  Wagener  among 
the  antiquities  in  the  neighborhood  of  Obi'r-Farrenstiidt,  near  Qnerfnrt,  in 
Prussian  Saxony  :  "There  was  also  found  in  this  district  the  memorial  stone, 
Fig.  ^^ll'*,  with  many  dtill-holes"  iyAnch  /and  fiivh  in  hlcsiijrr  (iifioul  dcr  Ik'iik- 
stciii,  Fiji  s;i,"»,  iHit  rich'ii  Itohiiikhcni)  J  The  illustration,  a  very  mule  out- 
line sketch,  of  which  Fig.  IS  is  a  fac-simile,  evidently  represents  a  cup-stone. 
The  size  of  the  stone  is  not  indicated.  The  oihev  cupped  stone,  rejjresented 
in  u  equally  rnihj  manner  ]tv  I'^ig.  l.'5(!7  ih-Wageuer's  work,  is  a  granite 
block  near  Zadel,  in  the  neigliborhood  of  Meissen,  Saxony.  Tiie  people  of 
the  neighborhood  call  it  Uic.so/sfviii  or  (iiant  Stone.  It  is  six  feet  high  and 
seven  feet  broad,  and  markeil  witli  niany  ciip-excavations,  of  which  the 
upper  ones,  ])laced  in  mws,  are  oval,  three  inciies  long,  tVom  oui'  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  half  wide,  and  from  a  I'.iurth  of  an  inch  tnlialf  an  iiu'li  in  (h'pth. 

l"'.*0,  in  wliidi  hIio  ciimnciatrs  the  nip-stonea  wliirli  liiivc  Ihodiiui  known  in  the  ilniliics  cif  Sclilrswig 
anil  Holstrin  np  to  tho  ypar  1-<S0.  ThiTo  avo  oitililiin  in  all,  of  which  tlii'  last  in  tlio  lint  has  not  vet 
liccn  ilisorihod.  If  was  (liscovrml  al  or  mar  Unnsoh  <  llolntrin\  is  iciiiical  in  sliaii(',»ixti'cu  cpnlinit-trrs 
liiKh,  anil  hliowsf  wontv-si'vi'n  riips,  tliii'o  of  wliiih  air  surroiiiiilrd  hv  singli'  rin);s. 

*  As  early  as  IT.M  niinlion  is  luailo  of  <'U]i]iril  lionlilrrs  in  tin'  rrovinci'  of  Itraiiilrrilmi;;  in  a  his- 
torical work  on  that  provinco  liy  .1.  C  lii'knianu.     Tlir  author  lalls  thi'in  .Vii/p/i/iciiAViinc. 

t  Vinhandliu.aiMi  dcr  Uorlinor  Anthropoloj;isi  hrn  (irsillsihaft ;   .'^il/niiK  Mun  Hi.   I'rlniiar  If^TH, 

«.  ■->;!. 

I  Waj;uu('r:  Huudbuih  drr  vorziiglichsirn  mi  Dintschland  i  ntdi<  Ulin  Aliiitliiliiur  ans  luiilnii-i  her 
Zoif ;  Wiimar.  l-l','.  8.  4:n. 


-I 


RAU.J 


GEItarANY  AND  AUSTHIA— DlilNMAKK. 


25 


Tlui  lower  oiiiw  iiro  i-irciilar,  ami  vary  fVom  hvo  to  tlireo  inches  and  a  lialf 
ill  (lianictiT.*     Fig.  I!)  h  a  copy  of  AVajrcncr's  skotcii  -.f  this  rock. 

I  was  totally  in  the  dark  as  to  the  occn.  vnce  of  cnjj-stoncs  in  Anstria 
until  my  esteemed  correspondent,  Dr.  M  Much,  of  Vienna,  favored  mo  with 
a  full  reply  to  a  letter  of  inj-.iry  addressed  to  him.     'i'houjrh   cup-stones 
have  thus  far  been  mentioned  only  in  a  transient  manner  in  the  publications 
of  the  Anthropolofrical   Society  of  V'".  una,   they  are,   nevertheless,   by  no 
means  unconnnon  in  Austria,  more  especially  in  Bohemia  and  in  that"  part 
of  the  empire  where  the  three  i)ro\ince-.    Bohemia,  Jloravia,  and  Lower 
Austria  border  upon  each  other.     In  thi:,  district  the  soil  is  often  covered 
with  rounded  gTanitc  blocks,  .some  of  which  are  cupped  like  the  boulders 
of  Switzerland  and   Northern   Europe.     The  sketches  of  JJohemian  cup- 
stones  sent  to  me  by  Di.  Mnch  show  rather  large  cups,  either  isolated  or  in 
groups,  and   frequently  connected   b}-  grooves.     "These  are   only  hasty 
sketches,"  he  sa}s,  "  and,  moreover,  not  based  upon  jtersonal  obserNation, 
but  connnunicated  to  me  iiy  others.     Absolute  correctness  caimot  be  claimed 
for  them.     Ar  any  rate,  however,  they  prove  the  existence  of  cup-stones  in 
Austria;  and   I  ;;;n  of  <.piid(m  that  they  are  not  at  all  rare  in  Bohemia,  in 
the  northwestern  part  of  Austria,  and  in  Northern  I'ppi.r  Austria.     'I'hose 
which  I  hav<;  seen  on  the  Vitusberg  and  Stolzenberg,  both  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  Kggenbm-g,  occurred  in  a  region  cliaract.'rized  by  prehistoric  set- 
tlements  an<l  i)laces<.f  sacrifice;  yet  I  am  not  prepared'to  state  whether 
these  are  to  be  ieferred  to  the  age  of  polished  stone  or  to  a  later  period, 
though  the  la*  ten-  appears  to  me  more  [jrobablo." 


DExNMAKK. 

My  statements  r.'Iative  to  primitive  lapidarian  sculptures  in  Denmark, 
called  HdlcristHhuier  in  that  cnuntry,  are  almost  cxclusivelv  taken  from  an 
articl..  by  I)r.  TI,.nry  l\.t,M-sen,  publishe.l  in  the  "MemoirJs"  of  the  Royal 
S(»ciety  of  Northern  Antiquaries.f 


*  Wii^.iHi-:  Iliinaiiiicli,  itc;  S.  TrCi, 

tlVtcrwii;   N'.plin.  Hill- Ic.sri.'nvM.viriili,!,:,.^  ,1,,   niiii.iiiaiK 
An(l.|iiaiica(lii  Nord;  CoiifiiliiiKiif,  1^77.  p.  ;(:)(I-;m-j. 


ill :  Mcmiiiiva  ilr  la  S.ni.Ho  Um.ilr  ilc 


26 


CUP  SHAPED  AND  OTHER  LAPIDAIIIAN  SCULPTUIIES. 


According  to  his  account,  cup-cuttinga  are  found  in  most  of  tlie  Danish 
islands  (Seoland,  Laahnul,  Fiinen,  Langeland,  Bornhohu)  and  in  Jiitland. 
"Tho  stones  uj)on  which  these  cup-cuttings  occur,"  lie  says,  "arc  generally 
large  erratic  Mocks  lying  in  the  midst  of  tields ;  but  there  is  a  special  inter- 
est attached  to  them  when  they  are  sculptured  on  stones  tlir^t  have  served 
in  the  construction  of  sopulclires  of  the  ago  of  stone,  namolv,  covered  gal- 
leries, oblong  or  round  dolmens,  or,  as  is  often  the  case,  on  the  surface  of 
slabs  forn;ing  the  coverings  of  funeral  chambers,  'i'lieir  presence  on  these 
slabs  is  not  in  itself  a  decisive  proof  that  they  were  made;  in  the  stone  age, 
for  the  slabs  were  rarely  covered  with  earth,  and  the  tignres  may  Iwive  been 
engraved  upon  them  long  afterward,  as  upon  any  stone  found  in  the  fields 
But  the  motive  whicli  led  to  the  selection  of  stones  of  dolmens  jirobabl}'  is 
to  be  sought  in  tho  peculiar  jirotection  these  nKinuments  affonled,  to  which 
an  almost  sacred  character  was  attributed.  A  more  conclusive  proof,  how- 
ever, that  these  cup-cuttings  reach  as  far  back  as  the  stone  age  is  furnished 
in  the  fact  of  their  presence  u[)on  tho  inner  walls  of  sepulchral  chambers; 
for  it  is  evident  that  they  could  not  have  been  engraved  on  those  stones 
after  their  application  in  the  construction  of  the  chambers"  (page  i5ii'2).  lie 
cites  several  examples  in  support  of  his  view ;  but  he  also  states  that  cup- 
stones  have  been  found  in  Denmark  in  connection  with  burials  of  tho  bronze 
age,  mentioning  in  particular  a  tumidus  at  Borreby,  in  the  Southwest  of 
Seelaiid,  which  inclosed  a  stone  of  considerable  size,  exiiibiting  on  its  upper 
convex  surface  from  seventy-live  to  eighty  cup-cuttings.  There  1  iivc;  been 
found  in  Denmark  several  stones  bearing  runic  inscriptions,  dating  from  tho 
ninth  to  tho  eleventh  century,  on  which  cups,  in  all  jimbability  of  earlier 
origin,  are  sculj)tured.  In  a  few  instances  the  runic  lines  even  traverse  the 
cup-shaped  cavities.  Fig.  20,  copied  from  Dr.  Petersen's  article,  •■epresents 
the  cupped  backside  of  a  runic  stone  at  Kavnkilde,  in  Jiitland. 

Some  artificial  foot-tracks,  set  in  pairs,  have  l)een  ol)served  in  Dennuirk: 
in  one  instance  on  a  slab  belonging  to  the  covering  of  a  gallery  in  Seeland ;  in 
another  on  one  of  the  blocks  surrounding  an  oblong  tunndiis  >n  the  Island 
of  Laaland.  The  first-nanuMl  sculptures,  figured  by  the  author  on  page 
3iJ7,  are  not  mdike  tho  well-known  foot-sculptures  so  often  seen  on  rocks 


Jt.VIJ.I 


DENMARK. 


27 


in  tho  L'niteil  States.*  Danish  popular  legends  refer  to  those  tracks  as  to 
real  inii)res.sio!is  of  Iminan  fi'ct.  Figures  resembling  wheels  with  four  spokes 
have  repeatedly  been  found  in  Denmark  on  isolated  jjlo.'ks  auil  on  stones 
of  megalithic  structures,  and  in  one  case  in  connection  with  cup-cuttings  on 
a  rock  in  tho  Island  of  Bornholni.  Dr.  Petersen's  statements  rencfer  it 
probable,  if  not  certain,  that  these  wheel-shaped  sculptures  pertain  to  the 
stone  age  as  well  as  to  that  of  bronze  (page  ;J37). 

Sometimes  they  ai)pear  associated  with  rude  designs  of  ships,  the  crew 
of  winch  is  indicated  by  upright  straight  lines.     A  group  of  this  kind  is 
seen  on  the  capstone  of  a  fu  -eral  chandler  near  Ilerrestn  p,  in  the  North- 
west of  Seeland.     According  to  Professor  Simpson  (who  quotes  from  Ilolm- 
berg),  the  chamber  was  entirely  concealed  within  an  earthen  mound  until 
discovered  by  treasme-diggers,  and  hence  there  is  a  stsN.ng  probability  that 
the  sculptures  are  coeval  with  the  clunnber.     The  latter  contained  some 
urns,  with  tools  and  pieces  of  Hint.     The  sculptured  group  consists  of  three 
wheel-shaped  figures  and  three  very  rudely  executed  manned  ships,  ton-ether 
with  some  imperfect  linear  markings,  perhaps  not  of  artilicial  ori-in  "  I'he 
figures  are  so  slightly  carved  that  they  become  very  distinct  onlx^in  a  good 
hght.t     I  give  in  Fig.  21  a  representation  of  this  structure,  copied  fnmi 
Fergusson's  "  Kude  Stone  Monun)ents"  (Fig.  100  „n  page  ;i03).     In   187.5, 
Dr.  Petersen  states  (page  33  s),  two  blocks  with  si.nilar  figures  (a  wheel,' 
manne.l  ves.sels,  and  hmnan  figures  of  the  most  prindtive  chai'acter)  were 
d.scovcre.l  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  denuded  clnunber.     The  latter  has 
been  thought  by  ..omo  to  have  been  erecte.l  during  the  s.une  age;    but 
Worsaaet   as  well  as  Petersen  incline  to  the  ophdon  that   Danish  .srulp- 
tures  among  which  ligures  of  .ships  ,K-cur,  generallv  belong  t„  li,e  a-v  <,f 
ln-.)"ze.     The  last-named  genthman  takes  occasion  to  draw  .special  iUten- 
<"'"  •'>  <n,al.,guus  designs  of  sidps  and  other  iig.nvs  .ngraved  on   Danish 
bronze  kn.Nc.s  (n.zors^)^s-^'^^,l,i,|,  he  represents  on  page  ULj     Mr 

lsiiri|isi)ii:  Anhaii:  Sfiil]iliir,.»,  cU'..  ji.  7-,', 

t\Viir.s,iiic:  Tlicriiim'ViilAnliMiiilics.il'Ociiiiiiiik- irinsr,(.,n,v  «■    I'li 

.av,„t'-^^n^::""'"-"' ■-— =  --St::i^^:;'K::;;;;^;^;;:i:;:;;;;i 


28 


CUPSnAPED  AND  OTHER  LAPIDARIAN  SCULPTURES. 


Forf^iiHson  is  oven  inclined  to  ascribe  to  t  le  stone  chamber  in  question  a 
still  more  recent  origin.* 

Sculptures  on  rocks  in  situ  are  not  fouiMl  in  Denmark,  becanso,  as  Dr. 
Petersen  atates,  rock-formations  suitable  for  their  execution  are,  exceptinfr 
l)orliiijJ8  the  Island  of  Honiiidlm,  wanting  witliin  the  present  limits  of  the 
Kingdom  of  Denmark  (page  332). 


SWEDEN. 

The  primitive  sculptures  forming  the  subject  of  this  essay  are,  so  far 
as  variety  is  concerned,  perhaps  better  represented  in  the  territory  of 
Sweden  than  in  any  other  jiart  of  Europe.  Simple  cup-cuttings  on  erratic 
blocks  are  not  wanting  in  that  country;  but  cu[)s  also  occur  there  among 
the  more  elaborate  figures  engraved  on  boulders  and  stones  of  megalithic 
structures  as  well  as  on  natural  rock-formations. 

Reference  was  made  on  a  i)receding  i)age  to  the  Baal  or  Balder  Stone, 
at  Ranten,  near  Falk(i[)ing,  in  the  Liin  of  Mariestad.  This  block  was  first 
described  by  Professor  Sven  Nilsson,  who  states  that  it  is  a  granite  boulder 
from  six  to  seven  feet  in  length,  oval  in  shape,  and  more  than  three  feet  high. 
On  the  upper  slightly  convex  siuTace  are  numerous  cu})-cuttings  of  unecpial 
size,  the  largest  of  which  occupies  nearly  the  centre;  and  a  |irojection  near 
the  base  of  tiie  block  exhibits  additional  cup-like  excavations.  Jig.  22  is  a 
copy  of  Professor  Nilsson's  representation  of  the  stone.f  He  is  of  opinion  that 
this  block  and  others  of  the  same  description  served  as  sacrifu'ial  altars  in 
the  worshi[)  of  Baal  or  Balder,  which,  he  thinks,  was  at  one  lime  prevalent 
in  the  North  of  I'^uropi';  and  that  the  cup-sha|)ed  cavities  wt're  designed  ior 
the  reception  of  the  l)loo(l  of  the  victims.  I'his  view  will  be  considered  in 
another  part  of  this  essay.  A  cup-stone  in  the  Liin  of  Ilalland  is  figured 
in  the  "Matcriaux"  for  lH'(8((m  page  2fi8);  another  in  the  ".\rchiv  fiir 
Anthropologic"  (Vol.   XII,  page  lOi'i).     The  latter,  which  wns  found  near 

*  For;iiis80ii :  Rmln  .Stono  MoiiHiiii'nta,  etc.;  p.  303. 

tNilssoii:  I>ii'  Kiciinvoliiicr  ill's  SiaiiilinavisilKMi  NoriUiist;  iliis  nronzcaltcr ;  mis  di'in  .Sc'iwo- 
tliHcliiMi  iiljirsi'lzl ;  Uaiiiljiiig,  IHiki;  Naclilrag,  S.  I'l. 


RAU.J 


Pi:N]\rAl?K— SWEDEN. 


20 


G<>tel)or<?,  and  is  now  preserved  in  the  Historical  Museum  of  that  city,  is 
apparently  a  boulder,  and  of  small  size,  having  ono  side  entirely  covered 
with  cups,  while  there  are  only  three  on  the  opposite  surface.  The  cups  are 
not  over  six  centimeters  in  diameter.  Other  cu|)ped  stones  are  known  to 
exist  in  varioii«  p.u-ts  of  Sweden,  where,  indeed,  these  remarkable  antiqui- 
ties are  so  familiar  to  the  people  that  they  desi<>nato  them  by  the  name 
elfhteuar,  or  elf-stones,  connectin;f  with  them  curious  superstitions — either 
descended  from  ancient  times  or  of  later  origin — to  which  allusion  will  bo 
made  hereafter. 

Dr.  Petersen  figures  on  jmgo  331  of  his  previousl^'-quoted  article  in 
the  "  Memoires"  of  the  Royal  Society  of  Northern  Antiquaries  two  erratic 
blocks  found  in  the  Province  of  Scania,  iq)on  which  cups  as  well  as  figures 
resendjling  wheels  with  four  spokes  are  sculptured,  and  which  appear  to 
be  of  contemporaneous  origin. 

Professor  Nilsson  rej)resents  in  his  work  on  the  bronze  age  a  heavy 
diorite  slab  from  a  tumulus  in  Scania,  called  Willfarahrig.*  This  slab  shows 
the  designs  of  two  horses  drawing  a  two-wheeled  chariot,  and  of  three 
ships,  two  of  them  manned.  In  addition,  the  stone  shows  thirteen  cup- 
markings,  two  of  which  are  inclosed  by  the  figure  of  one  of  tlie  ships,  while 
a  third  is  traversed  by  its  lower  line,  as  seen  in  Fig.  23,  which  is  a  some- 
what reduced  copy  of  Nilsson's  delineation.  Professor  Sinq)son  is  certainly 
right  in  believing  that  the  cup-cuttings  are  in  this  case  of  earlier  date  than 
the  incised  figures.f  Nilsson,  however,  draws  no  such  inference,  but  finds 
in  the  presence  of  the  cups  a  support  for  his  view  that  the  slab  occupied  a 
horizontal  position  in  the  tnnailus,  and  served  as  a  sacrificial  altar.  In  this 
tumulus,  which  inclosed  no  stone  chamber,  were  found  a  rotten  tooth  of 
a  hor.se,  fragments  of  a  day  urn,  pieces  of  charcoal,  a  lance-head  and  an 
arrow-head,  both  of  flint,  ai' I  ^-  fine  fiii';  dagger;  and,  in  addition,  a 
medallion-like  piece  of  bronze,  oniamcntt'd  with  graceful  spiral  lines,  such 
as  are  peculiar  to  the  earlier  I)ninze  ago.  Professor  Nilsson,  therefore, 
lias  good  reason  for  ascribing  the  Willfara  tunndus  to  the  age  of  bronzcf 
He  points  out  the  analogy  existing  between  the  sculptures  on  the  Will- 

'NilssiMi:  DiiH  lironzcalliM-;  Naclitrai;,  S.  li, 

tSiin|isuii:  Art'liaio  SculptmcH,  etc. ;  p.  7S. 

t  OUjuitu  of  Hint  and  biouzo  an*  ofti'U  aasociad-'d  in  biiiiala  of  llio  bronze  age. 


-a.Ki 


30 


CUP-SnAPRD  AND  OTHER  LAPIDARIAN  SCUTl.PTURKS. 


fiira  slab  and  on  the  clianibor-stones  of  the  well-known  nionui  icnt  at  Kivik, 
in  Christianstad  Liin,  Scania,  which,  according  to  his  view,  was  erected 
by  Baal-worshiping  Plicenicians,  wlui,  he  thinks,  had  colonies  in  the  North 
of"  Enrope,  and  introdnced  there  the  nse  of  bronze.  The  Kivik  scnlptnres, 
executed  on  seven  inigronnd  granite  slalts,  four  ftset  high  and  three  feet 
wide,  exhibit  a  variety  of  iigures,  among  them  a  man  standing  on  a  two- 
wheeled  chariot  drawn  by  two  horses,  several  unharnessed  horses,  ships, 
groups  of  men  (supposed  to  represent  warriors,  musicians,  prisoners,  and 
priests),  various  ornamental  (perhaps  symbolical)  designs,  four  wheel-shaj)ed 
figures,  a  cone  or  obelisk  (the  emblem  of  Baal  or  the  sun-god,  according 
to  Nilsson),  and  two  handled  axes,  evidently'  representing  weapons  of  metal 
(see  Fig.  24).  Cup-cuttings  are  entirely  wanting  on  the  Kivik  slabs.  The 
sculptures  on  them,  as  interpreted  by  Nilsson,  commemorate  a  victoiy, 
probably  a  naval  one,  and  the  succeeding  sacrilice  of  prisoners  of  war.* 

Dr.  Petersen  claims,  as  it  were,  the  Kivik  and  similar  Scanian  sculptures 
for  Denmark,  not  only  becaus->  Scania  formed  a  part  of  that  country  until  the 
year  IG'iO,  but  also  for  the  reason  that  the  Scanian  monuments  of  the  ages 
of  stone  and  bronze  partake  more  of  a  Danish  than  a  Swedish  character.f 

Lastly,  I  must  refer  to  the  sculptures  which  are  often  seen  on  nat- 
ural rock-surfaces  in  different  parts  of  the  Scandinavian  Peninsula,  but  are 
particularly  abundant  in  the  Liin  of  Bohuf^  They  represent  scenes  of  war 
and  hunting,  manned  and  empty  ships,  etc.,  and  some  of  these  groups  seem 
to  be  executed  in  a  quite  spirited  manner.  There  appear  among  the  figures 
warri'jrs  armed  with  weai)ons  resembling  the  leaf-shaped  swords  j)eculiar  to 
the  bronze  age,  to  which,  indeed,  these  rock-engravings  have  been  referred  by 
several  authors.  Professor  Nilsson,  however,  believes  that  they  originated 
during  the  age  of  iron,  ascribing  them  to  the  Vikings  of  the  eighth  and  ninth 
centuries.J  A.  E.  Ilolmberg's  work  on  the  subject,  entitled  "Scandinaviens 
Iliillrisfningar"  (Stockholm,  1848),  is  not  witliin  my  reach;  lint  I  am  able 
to  give  in  Fig.  25  a  specimen  illustration  of  this  kind  of  sculpture,  which  I 

•Tbo  siilyoct  is  frcatoil  quite  in  dotail  by  Nilsson  in  his  work  on  llin  bronze  age.  His  illuslrations 
of  tbi'  Kivik  slaljs  liave  been  copied  by  Simpson  iu  his  "Arcliaic  SenlptureB,"  wlicio  also  o  rCsnnn5  of 
Nilsson''*  intcrprctatior.  is  given. 

<  I,      eit.,  J).  :rfn. 

■TOu:  Das  I!r()ni;cal(<'r;  S.  "JO. 


ItAir.) 


aWKDRN— INDIA. 


31 


Imve  taken  fi-om  an  nrticlo  by  Dr.  I.onnurt  Aborg.*  It  will  bo  soon  that 
cups  and  wheel-shaped  figures  accompany  the  more  olaborato  representa- 
tions. 


INDIA. 

Professor  Desor  lays  particular  stress  on  the.  circumstance  that  cup-stones 
are  found  in  various  parts  of  India.  "Wo  touch  here  upon  the  main  point 
of  our  the..is,"t  he  says  in  his  often-quoted  pamphlet  (page  33),  in  order  to 
render  his  appreciation  of  the  fact  more  conspicuous,  lie  mentions  that  a 
number  of  years  ago,  Colonel  Meadows  Taylor  and  Dr.  Wilson  have  drawn 
attention  to  the  analogy  between  the  megnlithic  monuments  of  India |  and 
those  of  Gi-eat  Britain,  while  recently  the  similarity  of  the  figures  sculpt- 
ured on  thorn  was  pointed  out  by  Mr.  J.  11.  Kivett-Carnac,  an  officer  of  the 
Bengal  civil  service.  Just  at  the  time  when  I  was  engaged  in  preparing 
this  treatise,  that  gentleman  .sent  eoi)ies  of  his  publications  to  the  Smith" 
sonian  Institution,  and  I  became  thus  enabled  to  draw  my  information  from 
the  original  sources. 

In  the  district  of  Nagpoor,  tumuli  surrounded  by  single,  or,  less  fre- 
quently, by  double  stone  circles  are  quite  numerous  ;  Imt  the  most  extensivo 
groups  of  this  cluss  of  barrows  arc  situated  near  Junapani,  a  handet  lyin-. 
about  five  miles  westward  of  the  civil  station  of  Nagpoor,  on  the  hight 
road  to  Katole.  These  mounds  were  explored  in  1 8U  7  by  Mr.  Ri vett-Carnac 
and  two  other  gentlemen. 

"From  the  people  of  the  neighborhood,"  he  says,  "and  even  from  the 
Brahmans  and  oilier  learned  persons  of  Nagpoo.-,  who  speak  with  authority 
on  the  ancient  history  of  the  province,  no  satisfactory  information  re-ard- 
ing  the  tribes  who  constructed  these  barrows  is  to  be  obtained.  Some"  will 
tell  you  the  story  that  these  mouml^n-e  the  work  of  giants,  or  of  the  Gao- 

i'lalo  ^l:i-.  "^""■'"'"'"«'"-  "'*  «-""«'»".  '"  =  Aiumler^r  Nordi»kOhllc^aiBhe;^7^a;„«e:,'^ 
t  •'\ims  t.nKlions  ioi  an  pniut  cni)Uiil  dc  noire  tlu-^se  " 


w. 


mi^' 


82 


OUPSII.VPl!:!)  AND  OTIIKU  IiAPIDAU[AN  SUtlLlTUUfX 


lees  or  Slicplu'id  Kings,  rogfiidiiig  whoso  rule  in  Centnil  Indiii,  at  a  period 
prior  to  the  Aryan  invasion,  a  deep-rooted  tradition  exists.  That  the  circles 
are  very  old,  tlio  condition  in  which  they  are  now  found  distinctly  shows, 
and  the  remains  discovered  therein  leave  no  doubt  that  they  were  once  the 
burial-i)laces  of  a  })eople  of  whom  these  circles  are  now  the  only  trace  that 
remains  to  us."  * 

The  tumuli  forming  tliese  groups  are  all  of  the  same  type,  consisting 
of  circular  moui\ds  of  earth,  at  })iosent  not  cxceeding»four  feet  in  height, 
and  the  circles  surroundiiiir  them,  from  twenty  to  iifty-six  feet  in  diameter, 
are  constructed  of  trap  boulders,  sucli  as  occur  abundantly  in  the  neighbor- 
hood. A  map  of  the  locality,  accomj)aiiying  Mr.  Kivett-Carnac's  descrip- 
tion, shows  no  less  than  sixty-four  tiunuli,  distributed  in  several  groups, 
the  largest  of  which  comprises  fifty-four.  Each  ('ircle  contains  a  few  stones 
larger  than  'he  rest  and  comparatively  regular  in  shape,  perhaps  in  conse- 
quence of  artificial  modification;  and  such  stones  are  di.stiiiguislied  by  the 
peculiarity  tliat  their  uj)per  surfaces  or  si<les  exhibit  cup-cuttings,  differing 
in  size,  and  mostly  arranged  in  regular  groups  formed  l)y  ])arallel  lines  or 
other  nearly  synunetrical  dispo.sitions,  as  shown  on  one  of  the  plates  illus- 
trating Mr.  Uivett-Carnac's  report.  Tims  far  ring-sculptures  have  not  been 
discovered  by  him  on  stones  belonging  to  circles;  Lathe  thinks  "they  may 
be  yet  brought  to  light,  together  with  perliajjs  other  and  more  striking 
particulars,  linking  these  tumuli  still  more  closely  to  the  remaiiis  foiuul  at 
home."t 

The  few  of  the  mounds  under  notice  which  have  been  opened  inclosed 
no  cists,  the  objects  found  in  them  l)eing  covered,  without  au}"-  special  pro- 
tection, wi>h  the  now  nmcli-hardened  earth  composing  the  mound.  The 
contents  dug  out  from  the  centres  of  the  barrows  were  fragments  of  urns, 
accompanied  by  a  whitish  earth,  probably  produced  by  the  decom})osition 
of  bones,  and  articles  of  iro)i,  thickly  covered  with  rust  and  of  antique 
forms  (celts,  daggers,  spear-heads,  a  L,naflle-bit  in  good  preservation,  stir- 
rups (?),  etc ).  Ornamented  bangles  or  bracelets  of  copper,  supposed  to  be 
alloyetl  Avith  gold  or  silver,  Ijut  containing  neither  tin   nor  zinc,  are  also 

*  Kivi'tt-Cainac;  rrchistdiic  Hi'iiiaiiis  in  Central  India;  roprintuil  iVom  the  Journal  of  tlie  Asiatic 
Society  of  Ueugul;  Calcutta,  l>i7'J,  {>.  'i. 
t  Ibid.,  pp.  3,4, 15. 


nAD.i 


INDIA. 


38 


inontioned  and  iigurod.  T\w  luitlior  ascribes  the  absence  of  vaults  in  the 
Junapani  mounds  to  the  want  of  .ntones  suitable  for  their  construction, 
drawing  .attention  to  the  circumstance  that  they  are  not  wanting  in  tho 
tumuli  of  other  parts  of  Tiulia  where  the  proper  material  is  within  reach. 
Finally  he  enumerates  the  points  of  resemblance  between  •  the  barrows  of 
Europe  and  those  of  India,  referring  in  particular  to  tho  cup-marks  found 
on  stones  surrounding  tumuli  in  both  regions,* 

Somewhat  later  Mr.  Rivett-Carnac  discovered  on  stones  and  on  rocks 
in  situ  in  the  mountains  of  Kiunaou  not  only  cup-sculptures,  but  also  such 
of  rings,  resembling  very  closely  those  seen  in  Great  Britain  and  other 
countries  of  Europe.  The  results  of  his  explorations  in  this  region  and  the 
deductions  therefrom  made  by  him  hardly  can  be  overestimated,  in  view  of 
their  bearing  on  a  most  interesting  problem  of  prehistoric  arclijuology.  The 
locality  chiefl}'  examined  by  j\Ir.  liivett-Carnac  is  thus  described : — 

"At  a  point  about  two  miles  and  a  half  south  of  Dwara-llath,  and 
twelve  miles  north  of  the  military  .station  of  Ranikhet  in  Kumaon,  the  bridle- 
road  leading  from  the  plains  through  Naini  Tal  and  Ranikhet  to  Baijnath, 
and  thence  on  to  the  celebrated  shrine  at  Bidranath,  is  carried  through  a 
narrow  gorge,  at  the  mouth  of  which  is  a  temple  sacred  to  Mahaeleo,  where 
the  pilgrims  who  follow  this  route  generally  halt  for  a  short  time,  and  wherOj 
from  the  position  of  the  temple  in  tho  deiile,  the  priest  in  chaige  can  con- 
veniently levy  contrilmtions  on  all  i)assers-by.  The  temple  will  not  bo 
found  marked  on  the  one-inch-to-the-mile  map  of  the  Great  Trigonometri- 
cal Survey,  but  it  is  locally  known  by  the  name  of  Chandeshwar."f 

About  two  hundred  yards  south  of  the  temple,  toward  the  middle  of 
the  defde,  rises  a  rdck  at  an  angle  of  forty-five  degrees,  presenting  a  surface 
upon  which,  in  a  space  measuring  fourteen  feet  in  height  by  twelve  in 
breadth,  more  tliau  two  hundred  cups  are  sculptured.  The}'  vary  from  an 
inch  and  a  half  to  six  inches  in  diameter,  and  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch 
in  depth,  and  are  arranged  in  groups  composed  of  a})pn>ximately  parallel 
rovv-s,  as  seen  in  Fig.  26,  which  is  a  coi)y  of  Mr.  Rivett-Carnac's  repro- 

* Rlvctt-Civniac :  I'lvliistniic  Hcmuins  in  Contral  India  :  p. 5, <t«. 

i  Rivctt-Ciriiai' :  Arclia'uldjrUal  Notes  on  Aniii'Ml  .S(iil|iliiiiiif;s  iiii  Ilocks  in  Knniaiin,  India,  Hinii- 
lar  to  tUose  t'onnd  on  Monolillis  ami  Rocks  in  Knropi",  etc.  ;  rc'inintrd  from  tho  .lonrnal  of  tho  Asiatlu 
Society  of  Hongal;  Cahiitla,  187!t,  i>.  I. 

'  3  I,  S 


IWP* 


84 


CUP-SHAPED  AND  OTHER  LAPIDAIIIAN  SCULPTURES. 


sentation  of  a  portion  of  tlio  Clmndeslm'nr  rock.  Tlio  cups,  it  will  be 
noticed,  arc  mostly  of  the  HJinplo  type,  and  only  oxcoptionally  surrounded 
by  Hinglo  rings  or  connected  by  grooves.  Somewhat  more  elaborate 
combinations  wore  seen  by  tlio  explorer  upon  other  portions  of  the  same 
rock.  "EVom  the  villagers  and  from  the  old  priest  at  the  temple  hard  by 
no  information  was  to  bo  obtained  of  the  origin  of  those  markings,  beyond 
'that  they  were  so  old  that  tlie  oldest  man  in  the  village  had  no  knowledge 
of  who  had  made  them,  nor  had  they  been  made  in  the  time  of  their 
fathers'  fathers,  but  they  were  most  probably  the  work  of  the  giants  or  the 
goalas  (herdsmen)  in  days  gone  by.'"* 

It  may  not  bo  superfluous  to  state  in  this  jdaco  that  "Mahadeo" 
(Mahadeva)  is  ono  of  the  many  names  given  to  Siva,  the  third  in  the 
Trimurti  or  Hindoo  triad.  ]\Ioor  characterizes  him  in  these  words:  "He  is 
Time,  the  Sun  ;  he  is  Fire,  the  destroyer,  tlu*  generator.  His  consort,  Bha- 
vani,  is  the  symbol  of  created  nature,  and  in  that  character  named  PracriH 
As  the  deity  presiding  over  generation,  his  type  is  the  Liiifja,  the  origin 
probably  of  the  Phallic  emblem  of  Egypt  and  Greece.  As  the  God  of  Jus- 
tice, which  character  he  shares  with  Ymna  and  other  deities,  he  rides  a  bull, 
the  symbol  of  divine  justice.  Ho  holds,  as  his  commonest  attribute,  a 
trident,  called  Trisida,  in  this,  and  in  some  other  points,  resembling  our 
Neptune:  his  consort  also  has  u  rcdationship  to  water,  although  Vinhnu  be 
generally  the  deit}-  presiding  over  humidity.  -  -  -  As  emblems  of 
immortality,  serpents  are  a  common  ornament  with  many  deities ;  but 
MahadeiH-  seems  most  abundantly  bedecked  with  them :  bound  in  his  hair, 
round  his  neck,  wrists,  waist,  arms,  and  legs,  as  well  as  for  rings,  snakes 
are  his  coiLStant  attendants."t 

Mahadeo  is  worshiped  by  the  Hindoo  sect  called  the  Saivas  under 
the  form  of  a  i)hallu8,  sometimes  represented  by  an  upright  stone  pillar, 
more  or  less  modified  by  art,  but  often  in  the  same  shape,  in  conjunction 
with  the  Yoni,  the  female  organ  of  generation,  and  the  special  emblem  of 
Bhavani.  These  symbolic  representations  are  seen  in  Hindoostan  of  all 
sizes,  from  a  large,  rudely-executed  sculpture  to  a  diminutive  object  of  art; 
but  they  generally  present  a  conventional  shape,  in  which  the  uninitiated 

"  RivettCamac :  ArchiEological  Notes,  etc. ;  p.  '3. 
tMoor:  The  Hiudu  PnntUoou  ;  Loudon,  1810,  p.  36. 


•8 


UAUI 


INDIA. 


35 


liiiidly  woultl  ri'ct)}>iiize  what  they  aro  intendiMl  to  recall;  and  it  may  bo 
added  that  no  obijcenu  conceptions  are  niin<{led  in  tlie  minds  of  the  many 
tlionsands  ot"  Hindoos  who  venerate  under  this  I'orni  the  {^L-nerative  ener{j;y 
of  natnre.  The  ^reat  centre  of  Siva-worship  in  India  is  tlie  (Mfy  of  Heiuires. 
After  this  d!},M'ession,  I  insert  Mr.  KMvett-Carnac's  description  of  tlie  Chan- 
deshwar  temple: — 

"On  visiting  the  temjjle  sacred  to  Mahadeo  at  the  entrance  to  the 
prorge,  I  could  not  help  being  strnck  by  the  peculiar  construction  of  many 
of  its  shrines  as  bearing  a  marked  resemblance  to  these  rock-marking,s.  In 
addition  to  the  princi|)al  shrine,  placed  within  the  temi)le  itself,  a  massive 
little  structure  built  up  of  large  stones,  many  of  which  would  appear  to 
have  been  taken  from  Buddhist  ruins  so  plentiful  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Dwara-llath,  I  counted  thirty-seven  minor  shrines  within  the  walled  in- 
closure  by  which  the  temjile  is  surrounded.  The.se  consist  mostly  of  a 
rough  pedestal  formed  of  loose  stones  surmounted  by  a  Alahadeo  and  Voni. 
The  Yoni,  in  the  largest  of  these  shrines,  was  a  solid  block  of  stone,  cut  to 
the  well-known  'jew's-harp'  shape,  the  upright  Mahadeo  being  .slightly 
carved  at  the  sunnnit  and  base.  Some  half  a  dozen  others  were  more  or 
less  solid  and  w  ell  made,  according  to  the  conventional  con.struction  of  these 
symb(ds.  In  one  case  the  stono  which  did  service  for  the  Yoni  was  the 
cushion-shaped  finial  of  some  Buddhist  temple,  the  Mahadeo  being  repre- 
sented by  a  carved  head  with  high-raised  cap,  broken  off  from  some  Jieigh- 
boring  ruin.  The  fnlgment  had  been  inserted,  cap  downward,  in  the  square 
hole  by  which  the  cushion  had  been  ii.xed  on  to  the  top  of  the  original 
structure." 

I  interrupt  hero  the  author's  account  in  order  to  direct  attention  to 
Figures  27  and  28,  thelh-st  of  which,  copied  from  Plate  III  of  the  pamphlet 
under  notice,  represents  the  section  of  a  large  stone  Mahadeo  and  Yoni  in 
the  Cliandeshwar  temple  ;  while  Fig.  28  shows  the  same  symbol  in  a  more 
elaborate  form,  as  seen  by  the  author  in  a  temple  or  shrine  at  Benares,  and 
ill  istrates  the  "jew's-harp"  shape  to  which  he  alludes.  In  this  in.stance, 
by  way  of  attribute,  a  serpent  is  coiled  aroinid  the  emblem  of  Mahadeo. 
The  figure  is  tak(;n  from  another  pamphlet  by  j\Ir.  Rivott-Carnac,  relating 
to  the  snake  symbol  in  India.     Le.aving  aside  the  serpent,  a  ground-plan  of 


UmiAEY 

NATIONAL  MUSEUM 

Qi]  CANADA 


i^' 


36 


I'lri'  hiiaim:i)  and  otiiku  lai'idaiuan  s(!iri,i'Tiiui;s. 


Fi;^''.  *J8  would  corruHpoiKl  vory  closely  to  Siinpann'ri  fiflli  typo  (Fig.  1  of 
this  piiltlicatioii). 

"Tlic  rcmaiiiiiig  sliiiiu's,"  Im  coiitiimuH,  "wore  of  ii  inm-li  jujorer  typo. 
But  tliis  last  class  was  to  mo  much  tho  luost  iutorcstiug,  as  suggosting  a 
po8sil)lo  couuuctioii  botwoon  tho  rock-markings  ami  ijiiigam  worship. 
Rough  sketches  of  these  types  will  ho  fomul  in  Plate  HI,  which  uccom- 
pnnies  this  pajjor  (iient  given  as  Figures  21),  .'iO,  and  .'Jl ).  The  j)osition  and 
arrangement  of  these  symbols  and  tho  veneration  j)aid  to  them,  some  having 
boon  quite  recently  decked  with  small  olYerings  of  flowers,  left  no  doubt 
that  they  ecpially  with  tho  larger  and  more  solid  shrines  rei)resented  tho 
Mahadeo  and  Voni.  But  whereas  in  tho  iirst-noticed  and  bettor  class  tho 
Mahadeo  is  represented  by  an  u|)right  stone,  this  other  and  poorer  typo  is 
without  th((  ujjright,  and  is  apparently  a  conventional  reiuleringor  sketch  of 
those  symbols  roughly  cutout  on  tho  stone,  the  inner  circle  repre.sonting 
tho  Mahadeo,  the  outer  circle  tho  Yoni,  tho  lino  or  lines  tho  gutter  by  which 
tho  libations  and  oll'erings  are  drained  off  from  this  as  well  as  from  tho  moro 
elaborate  class  of  Mahadeos.  In  tho  centre  f»f  tho  yard  is  a  monolith 
Mahadeo  of  four  feet  and  a  half  in  height  above  tho  ground.  It  has  no 
nuirkings  on  it,  but  together  with  all  its  surroundings  seems  very  old.  The* 
priest  in  charge  of  tho  temple  held  that  most  of  the  shrines  wore  very  old, 
and  accounted  for  their  large  nundjor  by  saying  that  the  yard  was  tho 
burial-place  of  men  of  great  sanctity,  some  of  whom  had  l,^>en  brought  from 
great  distances  for  interment  there,  and  that  Mahadeos  ot  ;.  l^lborato  or 
poor  class  were  placed  over  the  tombs  according  to  tho  moaiio  '  "^he 
deceased's  i'riends."* 

The  rosomblanco  of  the  sculptures  ropresonted  by  Figures  29,  30,  and 
31  to  a  class  of  cuttings  on  boulders,  rocks,  and  niegalithic  monuments  in 
Europe  cannot  be  denied;  but  this  is  a  subject  to  which  1  shall  ttvort  ii- 
tho  sequel. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  Chandeshwar  tho  explorer  noticed  Hom'»  temples 
or  enclosures  lonsisting  ot  concentric  stone  walls  of  rude  v^<}'>-iiruction, 
open  in  one  place,  with  the  Mahadeos,  represented  by  stone  pillars,  in  the 
centre.     Tho  construction  of  the  temples,  he  thinks,  appears  of  some  inter- 

*Klvot^Caruac:  Arohicological  Xotea,  otc. ;  pp.  3,  4,  6. 


UAII.I 


INDIA. 


;}? 


<st  wlic'ii  ((iiiHi^lcrcd  w  ciiimcctidii  with  tlic  r(i('k-riiltiiij,''s  iind  sliriiios  at 
Clunuk'sliwiir,  lirtccn  niilfs  disfaiit.* 

Mr  Wivt'tt-Ciiriiac  icIVts  to  a  letter  received  in  1H77  fVoiii  a  },'eiitl('inaii 
then  in  India,  Mr.  (-'ainphel!  of  Inlay,  who  is  nnich  intoro«ted  in  tho  Huh- 
jeet  of  Scottish  fock-inarkini^s.  Heiny  at  Ayodhya  with  a  IIiu(h)o  wh<» 
K|)oke  jj'o(td  Kn;;lish,  Mr  Canipheli  |irucnred  a  fakir,  and  drew  on  tlie  sand 
two  concentric  circles  with  a  dot  in  the  middle,  askinj;'  what  the  li^iin-e  meant. 
The  fakir  at  onco  answered  ".Mahadeo."  lie  then  drew  a  similar  lif^nro 
with  a  radial  line  l^ejiimiin^  in  the  c(!ntre,  and  received  tho  saino  answer. 
The  ineaninjy  of  these  lifjuros,  Mr.  Campbell  says,  is  familiarly  known 
thronjihont  India.  At  Delhi  he  learned  from  a  friend  tliat  theyaro  chalked 
on  stones  in  Kan^ra  (Punjal))  liy  people  marching- in  marria<,'e-]»rocessions,f 
'I'his  fact  is  certainly  si<rnillcant,  to  .say  the  least.  I'rofe.s.sor  Desor,  more- 
over, states,  probaldy  on  the  stren{>tli  of  private  commnnications  from  Mr. 
l{i\ott-Carnac,t  thai  Hindoo  women  carry,  in  pil;rrinia<,'cs,  water  from  tho 
(«an<res  to  the  nioinitains  of  tho  Pin'"  ^'  for  the  ])nrposo  of  boHprinklinjr 
with  it  these  signs  in  the  temples,  where  they  invoke  tho  divinity  to  bestow 
on  them  the  favor  of  motherhood  (pap^e  .'i4). 

The  final  conclusions  arrived  at  by  Mr.  Hivett-Carnac  are  snnmied  np 
in  tho  dosinji' parayrnph  of  his  article  on  the  .snake  synd)ol  in  India,  written 
subsequently  to  In's  investigations  in  Nagpoor  and  Kumaon. 

"I  may  add  in  conclu.sion,"  he  observes,  "that  no  ono  who  has  boon 
in  this  country  and  who  has  noticed  tho  monolith  Mahadoos  of  tho  Western 
(Jhats  of  tho  Himalayas  and  otluT  parts  of  India,  can  fail  to  bo  struck  with 
tho  resemblance  that  tho  menhirs  of  Carnac  in  Brittany  and  its  neighbor- 
hood bear  to  the  Siva  onddems  of  India.  I  visited  the.se  remarkable 
remains  when  at  home  last  year,  and  was  quite  taken  aback  by  their  rosom- 
blanco  to  well-known  Indian  typos.  Tho  moiudiths  of  Scotland  covered 
with  what  1  believe  to  be  'Mahadeo'  symb(ds  are  of  the  same  class.  Added 
to  this,  in  the  recesses  of  the  Pyrenees,  the  people  whose  language  suggests 
their  descent  from  the  tribes  who  erected  the  tnuuili  and  menhirs,  not  only 
in  this  neighborhood,  but  also  in  other  parts  of  Eurojie,  still  proser^'o  tra- 

•Kivclt-Caruac:  Arclia!olo);Uiil  Notes,  cto. ;  p.  5.  tibid.,  \>.  15. 

t  I'rDlVtwor  nr.sipi-  iilliiflia  I"  a  ('(irri'.xponilcm'c  « ilU  Mr  KivuU-Caruuv  (Corrcspumlenz-Ulatt  tlur 
DtMilsclii'ii  Aiilliioiiiilotjischoii  Ueai'llscliaft,  1^77,  S.  '^). 


h 


i: 


■:JP^4«W«»- 


38 


CL'PSUAl'ED  AND  OTIIKR  LAinDAIMAN  SCULPTrRES. 


flitions  connected  with  these  monoliths,  and  have  actually  retained  some 
traces  of  what  I  will  call  Siva-worship*  With  this  evidence,  added  to  the 
points  noticed  in  my  papers  on  the  Jnnapani  barrows  and  the  Kumaon 
markings,  the  connection  between  the  marks  in  India  and  Europe  may  then, 
I  hojje,  be  conaidered  tolerably  complete."t 

It  slionld  bo  mentioned  that  cupped  boulders  of  gneissoid  porphyry 
were  discovered  by  Dr.  Verchcre  on  the  banks  of  the  Indus,  in  Cashmere, 
prior  to  Mr.  Rivett-Carnac'a  explorations.  Yet  the  iirst-nanied  traveler, 
not  knowing  the  character  of  cup  cuttings,  was  inclined  to  ascribe  the 
artificial  cavities  to  the  action  of  glaciers.  "This  suppo.sition,"  says  Pro- 
fessor Desor,  "  apjjears  to  ns  totally  inadmissible.  The  action  of  glaciers 
doubtless  tends  to  modify  the  rocks  upon  which  they  move,  Tliey  polish 
them  and  leave  upon  them  characteristic  furrows  and  striaj.  Though  we 
have  ourselves  devoted  long  years  to  the  study  of  glaciers,  we  have  never 
noticed  that  they  produce  cavities:  like  ba.sins  or  cups.  It  nuist  therefore 
be  conceded  that  these  latter  are  the  work  of  man.  J[.  Verchere  doubtless 
would  have  felt  less  scruple  in  admitting  this  origin,  if  he  had  been  acquainted 
with  the  frequent  occurrence  of  cups  on  erratic  blocks  in  Europe"  (page  ."6). 

At  the  close  of  his  essay  Professor  Desor,  availing  himself  of  the 
remarkable  results  obtained  bj-  Mr.  Rivett-Carnac,  sets  forth  the  inferences 
he  draws  from  the  occurrence  of  cups  and  other  archaic  figures  upon  stones 
ami  rocks  in  countries  as  far  disti'.nt  from  erxch  other  as  India  and  Ireland. 
He  ascribes  the  practice  of  executing  such  sculptures  to  people  of  the  Aryan 
stock,  who,  he  thinks,  transferi-ed  this  peculiar  custom  from  tlieii'  Asiatic 
homes  to  the  countries  of  Europe.     He  connects  with  this  innnigration  the 

"The  author  rofora  to  certain  siipcrstitiouspmcti^jesin  comiootiou  wilb  Micri'dstoiiuH,  but  lately  or 
cvfii  still  in  vogiio  among  the  pi'ople  in  the  Pyrcnci  s,  as  Htated  liy  M<'.ssrs.  Pit'llo  and  S.icazn  in  tlio 
article  <|Uiitc<l  in  my  acrount  of  ( iip-stom  n  in  I'ranco.  Speaking  of  a  lioulder,  called  /.c  <'iiilli(ii)ii 
d'Arriba-Pardin,  they  siiy: — 

"Autrefois,  il  y  a  trente  ans  i\  peine,  Ic:,  Ji  lines  gens  do  I'oulieau  allnii'nt  en  procession,  le  soir  dn 
ninr<li-gras,  faire  snr  ei'tle  pierre  nu  grand  fen  dc  jiaille  pour  lecpiid  eli;iiine  chef  ih'  niaison  touriiissait 
nne  liotte.  lis  niurcliaient  nii  il  nn,  ch;ieuii  tenant  par  deiriOre  eelui  ipii  le  proic^dait,  et  s'avanfaient 
dans  une  attilmle  et  avee  des  gcsles  !\  la  fnis  hnrlesi|neH  r't  oliscenes." 

With  reference  to  a  nu'uhir  ni  the  same  dislrici  the  follcwing  stalenieni  is  made ; — 

"ICneore  anjonrd'hni,  lors(ine  Ics  hahilanls  de  lionrg-d'Oncil  vont  do  <"  cftt*'',  pins  d'nno  jeuno 
fennnc  \  a  baiser  le  me:iliir  en  cachet  le." — Pi  ft  If  d  .S'ficrt^c:  l.fn  Moiutmriits  tff  hi  Monfaijnr  tVKs]}ifiup  {riin'- 
n«»);  Materianx,  I'^T'^,  p. 'J.")7-.>. 

t Rivett-Caniai-:  liimgh  Notes  nn  llii'  SnaKc  Symbol  in  India,  etc.;  ri!i)rinlid  fumi  ibo  Journal  of 
tho.Vhiatic  Society  of  Ueiigal;   i'alentla,  H71I.  \>.  11. 


ItAU.J 


JNDIA. 


39 


erection  of  moofalithic  stnictiires  in  those  countries,*  and  believes,  in  short, 
that  tile  neoUthic  period  dates  in  Europe  from  the  arrival  of  those  Asiatics, 
who  sujjplanted  there  the  troglodytic  tribes  (probably  Mongolian),  of  which 
the  Laps  are  the  last  remnant  in  Europe.  The  Arvcan  new-comers,  he  be- 
lieves, brought  with  them  several  species  of  domestic  animals  and  of  cereals, 
the  remains  of  m  hicii  are  found  abundantly  in  the  Swiss  lacustrine  settle- 
ments of  earliest  date,  and  likewise  the  celts  of  jadeite  and  nephrite  dis- 
covered in  the  dolmens  of  lirittanj-  and  in  lake-dwellings,  and  consisting  of 
materials  not  found  in  Europe,  but  by  no  means  rare  in  the  East. 

"It  would  remain  to  us,"  he  says,  "to  investigate  by  what  routes 
these  colonists  from  Asia  reached  Europe ;  whether  they  followed  the  same 
track  or  came  in  successive  waves,  as  it  were,  advancing  in  different  direc- 
tions. This  is  a  vast  and  arduous  task,  which  cannot  be  entered  upon  in  u 
rapid  sketch  like  the  present  one,  but  which,  perhaps,  we  shall  make  one 
day  tlie  subject  cf  a- special  treatise"  (page  43). 

Reserving  my  observations  on  the  theories  advanced  by  Professor 
Desor  and  other  arclneologists  for  a  subsequent  part  of  this  treatise,  I 
close  my  brief  account  of  primitive  sculptures  in  the  Old  World  and  pass 
over  to  a  consideration  of  analogous  lapidarian  work  in  the  Western  Hemi- 
sphere. 


It  sboul.l  be  remembered,"  ho  says,  "  that,  aceording  to  the  majority  of  archjeologists,  the  mega- 
l.thic  monuments  otKurope  belong  to  the  age  of  polished  stone,  considering  that  amis  and  utensils 
almos  exc  nsu-dy  of  stono  have  been  found  in  the  hirge  dolmens  of  Brittany,  and  that  among  the  One 
Lolts  they  have  furui.hed,  several  are  made  of  jadeito  and  other  kinds  of  stono  peculiar  to  The  Ka«t 
Copper  beads,  it ..  trne,  have  been  taken  fron>  several  dohuens  in  the  South  of  Trance,  and  Messrs.  Piette 
and  S.acaEe,  n.ore.ncr,  hove  not  long  ago  discovered  in  the  cromlechs  of  the  Pyrenees  bronze  braeelot8 
low  that 'trn?M'n''  "f,^""" '!"  1!'"  o^-'-'ents  of  the  later  ^ron^e  age;  but  hence  i,  doe,,  not  fol- 
low  that  tlie  metal  was  introduced  m  Lurope  simeltaneonsly  with  tho  megalithic  structures.  The  latter 
may  be  of  antenor  date  an.l  th  ir  use  may  hav,-  o.om  cont.nned  attei  -ho  introduction  of  bronze,  .-M 
perhaps  ovon  lougor."— Pierrts  d  £cMlhfi,  p.  40.  ' 


PA.RT    II. 

t 

PRIMITIVE  LAPIDAlilAN  SCULPT[JliES  IN  AMERICA. 

NORTH  AMEIM<!A. 

IJeforo  entorino-  upon  tlio  subject  indicated  in  tlie  above  ]muliu<r,  1  J.-ivo 
to  allude,  for  the  sake  of  gradual  demonstration,  to  the  so-called  hannnor- 
stones,  a  well-known  class  of  aboriginal  rc-lics  found  in  considerable  nund,.>r 
throuohout  .he  IFuitod  States.  They  are  ^a-nerally  roun<lish  or  oval  pebbl..s 
ot  a  son.eu-hat  compressed  or  iiattene.l  innn,  pn-sentiufr  in  tlu-ir  side  view 
the  outhne  ot  a  n.ore  or  less  eloiifrated  ellipse.  Their  only  artiliciid  alter- 
ation consists  in  two  small  pits  „r  cavities,  so  placed  to  form  the  centres  of 
the  opposit..  broader  sides.  In  these  cavities  the  workn.an  is  supposed  to 
have  placed  the  flunnb  and  n.id.lle  lln^vr  of  the  rinhf  han.l,  while  the  fore- 
Im-er  pressed  a-ainst  the  upper  circumference  nf  the  stone.  The  material 
ot  these  iu.plements  is  usually  .puutzite,  «Taywa,-k,s  or  som'e  other  kind  of 
corapact  sandstone. 

As  siuu-lar  .stones  occur  in  Europe,  specuiati..ns  upon  their  use  are  nut 
-  .u.tn.o.  an.l  I'n.fes.sor  xXiksVu,  in  particular,  has  tried  f,.  prove  they  had 
hm  employed  in  chippiun-  t..nls  and  weapons  ..f  (liut.f  {"will  adn.i"t  that 
•Lev  r^ay  have  been  used,  in  Europ,.  as  weli  as  iu  Amcri,.a,  In,-  tashion- 
H.«  nn.oh  unpleuuMits  and  for  llakiu-  „(f  pic-ces  of  flint,  .■(,•.,  wln.l,  were 
eventually  to  be  brou-ht  into  defun-te  shapes;  but  they  are  by  far  too 
clumsy  and  possess  too  nnu'h  roundness  on  all  shies  to  have  been  the 
tools  for  fabricating  arrow-heads  and  other  delicate  arti.-les  of  fliut  How 
woul.l  it  be  po,ssible,  for  iustaucv,  to  pro.luce  a  stemmed  dart  with   Ion;.- 


hi 


■.<(V 


42 


CUP-SHAPED  AND  OTHER  LAPIDAUIAN  SOULPTUUES. 


barbs  bj-  means  of  such  u  liamnier-stone  ?  The  art  of  making  stone  arrow- 
heads, moreover,  is  no  h)nger  a  mystery,  at  least  not  in  the  United  States,' 
wliere  several  methods  still  arc  employed  by  certain  western  tribes  for 
fashioning  them.  They  })robabiy  were  mostly  chipped  into  their  final  shape 
by  pressure  with  tools  of  horn  or  bone,  a  nnmber  of  which,  obtained  from 
still  existing  tribes,  can  be  seen  in  the  United  States  National  Museum. 
The  fine  neolithic  fiint  objects  of  Northern  Europe,  such  as  barbed  and 
stemmed  arrow  and  spear-heads,  daggers,  crescent-shaped  implements,  etc., 
doubtless  were  produced  by  similar  methods. 

Whether  the  hruised  pitted  stones  were  :  '•i<r';'ally  designed  for  ham- 
mers, or  whether,  in  view  of  the  diverse  purpo;>'  "h  implements  some- 
times have  to  serve  in  the  hands  of  uncivilized  mn'  liieir  use  as  hannners 
was  a  secondary  one,  are  questions  upon  which  I  will  not  enlarge  in  this 
place.*  It  is  certain,  however,  that  a  large  number  of  the  pitted  stones, 
usually  called  hanuner-stones  in  the  United  States,  are  perfectly  intact  at 
their  circumferences,  and  consequently  cannot  have  served  as  imagined. 
Of  the  many  pitted  stones  in  the  National  Museum,  sixty — derived  from 
New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Illinois,  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  Louisiana, 
and  California — ai'o  now  on  exhibition,  and  of  these  only  twelve  show  the 
marks  of  hannnering.  There  is  a  single  pit  either  on  each  of  the  opposite 
broad  sides  or  only  on  one  side  of  the  stones  now  considered,  and  their 
cavities,  differing  in  size  and  depth,  are  not  ground,  but  apparently  pro- 
duced, sometimes  quite  dumsil}',  by  means  of  a  tool  of  fiint  or  other  hard 
stone.  May  not  such  stones  have  been  nsed  by  the  aborigines  for  cracking 
UDon  them,  by  means  of  other  stones,  the  difli'erent  kinds  of  hard-shelled 
fruits  so  abundant  in  North  America?  The  cavities  mostly  are  of  sufiicient 
depth  to  hold  any  kind  of  nut  in  j)lace.  This  kind  of  work  Mould  chiefly 
have  devolved  upon  women  and  children  (particularly  girls),  and  h>nce  it 
would  not  be  difficult  to  account  for  the  large  number  of  these  stones,  f    And 

•  The  real  North  Aiiicriciiu  liaiumor-stones,  I  am  uow  iucliiicd  to  beliovo,  arc  jiebbles  or  frafjiupiits 
(if  (|uartzit('  or  lliiity  inati'rial.H,  soiinnimcM  modilioil  liy  art  niid  nnicli  battered  by  use.     Tboy  tell  their 
own  .itory,  lis  it  weio.     I'.xaetiv  siinil^ic  stones  are  found  in  Kurojie.     Mr.  Kvans  figures  two  of  thorn  on 
page  'iiW  of  his  well-known  work  on  the  siotie  iin]ilenient»,  ole.,  of  Great  liritaiu. 

tTl.at  theuieihoil  here  inilieaieil  was  in  vogue  among  the  jirohistorie  people  of  Europe  is  almost 
deniouslialeil  by  Sir  t'liarli's  I. yell's  deseription  of  a  log-ialiin,  discovered  ill  l^-Xtby  Captain  Miiilge,  R. 
N.,  ill  DrnniKellin  bog,  in  Donegal,  Ireland,  at  a  ileplh  of  fourteen  feet  from  the  snrfaee.  It  was  twelve 
feet  sijiiaro  aud  nine  feet  high,  beiug  divided  into   two  stories,  eaeh  foiir  feet   high.     The  planking 


KAH.] 


NORTH  AJIEUICAN  PITTED  STONES. 


43 


fiirtlior,  fm  intact  flattisli  stone,  used  with  its  broad  sido  as  a  lianuner  for 
beating  upon  the  end  of  a  flint  tool — an  operation  prol)abIy  often  per- 
formed in  savage  life — would  graduall}-  receive  at  the  point  of  contact  the 
impression  of  the  liarder  flint.  Hence  a  number  of  pitted  stones  may  owe 
tlieir  cavities  to  such  a  mode  of  application. 

Fig.  i)2  represents  a  stone  of  the  class  under  notice,  which  was  found 
near  PVanklin,  Williamson  County,  'J'ennessee,  and  belongs  to  the  series 
exhibited  in  the  National  Jluseum.  It  is  a  somewhat  flattisli  pebble  of  oval 
shape,  about  two  inches  In  thickness,  and  showing  oidy  on  one  side  a  small 
cavity,  worked  out  very  carelessly,  and  just  large  enough  to  receive  an 
object  of  the  size  of  a  nut.     The  material  is  a  clayey  sandstone. 

Sometimes  these  stones  exhibit  two  cavities  close  together,  as  though 
it  had  been  intended  to  ci-ack  with  one  blow  two  nuts  placed  in  these  pits. 
Such  u  stone  is  represented  by  Fig.  3o.  The  original  belongs  to  a  series  of 
jiitted  stones  whicli  were  sent  to  me,  many  years  ago,  by  m\-  friend,  Mr.  J. 
JI.  M.  Gernerd,  of  Muncy,  Lycoming  County,  Pennsylvania,  and  had  been 
collected  by  him  in  that  neighborhood,  nu>re  especially  near  the  banks  of 
the  Susquehanna  Kiver.  This  specimen,  a  graywacke  pebble  not  exceeding 
an  inch  and  one-quarter  in  thickness,  shows  on  both  sides  two  shallow  con- 
tiguous cavities  When  the  iirst  white  settlers  penetrated  to  that  part  of  the 
Susquehanna  Valley,  they  found  on  or  near  the  present  site  of  Muncv  a 
village  of  the  Miusi  or  Munsey  Indians,  the  Wolf  clan  of  the  great  Lenni- 
Leiuipe  or  Delaware  nation;  and  the  name  "  Muncy,"  indeed,  perpetuates 
the  designation  of  that  clan.  There  is  still  a  tradition,  I  am  informed 
bv  ]\rr.  Gernerd,  that  they  were  in  the  habit  of  <'atlu'riu<r  lar"-e 
supplies  of  shell-bark  hickory-nuts,  wliich  formerly  grew  plentifully  in  the 
neighborhood. 

It  should  1)0  boriu^  in  mind  that  nuts  played  a  conspicuous  ])art  in  the 
household  of  the  North  American  Indians.    The  flrst  adventurers  of  the 


[Hi 


(iinsi.mcil  iifoali,  split  with  wedgt's  of  8tono,  ivml  the  roof  wus  fliit.    A  stoim  cflt  and  a  tliiit  arrow-lii\iiI 

I'omid  ill  III!'  interior  of  tliis  primilivr  liMil(lin;r  I'liriiisli  aililiiioiiiil  proofs  of  its  n'liioti'  niitiiiiiity.  "On 
llir  lloor  (if  thi:  dw.lliiii;,''  olisi-rvi'.-t  Captain  Miiiliic,  "  lay  a  slab  of  frci'stoni',  three  fci't  loiifj  and  foiir- 
lecn  incliis  iliick,  in  tlio  ifiitro  of  wliiili  was  a  small  pit,  lliicc-ipiarli'rs  of  an  inch  drop,  wUifli  had  been 
ihiscled  out.  This  is  presumed  to  liavo  been  used  for  holdiiiff  nuts  to  be  eraeKed  by  nieaiis  of  one  of 
the  round sliinnle-slones,  also  foimd  then',  wliii  li  liadserved  iisa  liainmcr.  ^oiin'  entire  ha/el-iiiils  anil  a 
yreat  iinanlity  of  brokeu  shells  were  strewed  iiboiit  the  Uoor."— Li/t//;  Jiitiquilii  of  Man  ;  London  and 
Philadelphia,  IsT.).  p.  ;«. 


H  is; 


t  f.  *->^^j'^ '- 


44 


oup-siiArKD  AND  otii1':r  lapidauian  sculptures. 


Latin  race  who  came  in  contact  with  thcMn  (Cabe(;a  de  Vaca,  the  anony- 
mous Knij^ht  of  Elvas,  Bicdma),  and  many  authors  of  moro  modern  times, 
n.'cntion  these  fruits  .'is  an  important  article  of  food  of  the  aboriginal  inhabit- 
ants. It  can  bo  imagined  that  they  consumed  a  large  quantity  in  a  raw 
state;  but  they  also  prepared  from  them  an  oily,  milk-like  liquid,  which 
they  used  as  an  ingredient  in  the  preparation  of  other  food.  Full  details  in 
regard  to  this  subject  have  been  published  by  Colonel  Charles  C.  Jones  in 
his  work  on  the  antiquities  of  the  Southern  Indians,  to  which  I  would  refer 
those  specially  interested  in  the  subject.* 

Ho  there  also  draws  for  the  first  time  attention  to  a  class  of  utensils  which 
ho  designates  as  "nut-stones,"  and  to  which  he  ascribes,  as  the  name  im- 
])lies,  the  same  mode  of  employment  which  I  feel  inclined  to  claim  for  the 
pitted  stones  just  described.  Colonel  Jones  found  the  relics  called  nut- 
stones  l)y  him  in  considerable  number  in  Middle  and  Upper  Georgia,  but 
most  abundantly  on  the  site  of  an  old  Indian  village  near  the  confluence 
of  the  Great  Kiokeo  Creek  and  the  Savaimah  River  (Columbia  County). 
More  than  thirty  were  there  seen  by  him  within  the  space  of  a  few  acres. 
He  thus  describes  them : — 

"  They  consist  of  irregular  masses  of  compact  sandstone  or  soapstonc, 
weighing  from  two  to  ten  pounds,  in  whoso  surfaces  occur  circular  depres- 
sions, from  ;m  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  and  from  one-(jnarter 
to  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  depth.  Upon  the  broadest  and  flattest  sides 
these '^''^;  vossions,  from  three  to  five  in  number,  are  located  close  together. 
1\)  ])roduce  them  the  harder  stones  had  been  pecked  and  the  softer  gouged. 
Not  only  on  one  side  do  they  appear,  but  frequenth'  on  both  sides,  and 
often  in  the  ends,  so  that  the  stone,  when  set  up  in  the  earth  on  any  one  of 
its  faces,  would  always  present  one  or  more  of  these  cu[)-shaped  cavities 
ready  for  use.  Their  cavities  are  so  located  that  one,  two,  three,  four,  five, 
and  sometimes  more  nuts  could  be  cracked  at  a  single  l)low  delivered  by 
means  of  the  circular  flat  crushing-stones  so  connnon  and  so  often  found  in 
direct  connection  with  the  rude  articles  now  under  consideration.  The  cups 
are  just  large  enough  to  hold  a  hickory-nut  or  a  walnut  in  proper  position, 
so  that,  when  struck,  its  pieces  would  be  iircvcnted  from  being  widely  scat- 

'.loiii'S  (t'lLiili's  ('.):   Aiiliiiuitii'n  i>f  ihr  Npiillifi'ii  liiiliaii^ :   N'lW  VcnU,  1ST:'>,  p.  :!!.">,  clc. 


m 


RAU] 


NOUTII  AJIEHIOAN  NUT-BTONES. 


45 


terecl.  Particularly  do  the  soapstones  indicate  the  impressions  left  by  the 
convex  surfaces  of  the  harder  nuts.  Upon  some  of  tliem  the  depressions  seem 
to  have  been  caused  simply  by  repeatedly  crackinj^  the  nuts  upon  the  same 
spot,  so  that  in  tune  a  concavity  was  produced  corresponding  to  the  half  of 
the  spherical  or  spheroidal  nut.  Such  is  the  most  natural  explanation  we 
can  ofier  with  regard  to  the  use  of  these  stones,"* 

•  It  should  be  added  that  Colonel  Jones  found  in  some  instances  the 
sites  where  he  collected  the  stones  even  now  overshadowed  by  hickory  and 
walnut-trees.  I  had  frequent  occasion  to  examine  the  specimens  of  this 
class  brought  together  by  him,  and  I  never  doubted  for  a  moment  the  cor- 
rectness of  his  view  as  to  the  use  of  these  utensils. 

A  nut-stone  of  coarse-grained  sandstone,  found  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Loudon,  Loudon  County,  Tennessee,  and  preserved  in  the  National  Museum, 
is  represented  by  Fig.  ■i4.  It  shows  on  the  figured  surface  ten  irregular  con- 
ical depressions,  four  of  which  are  considerably  larger  than  the  rest.  The 
lower  side  is  provided  with  eight  unequal  cavities  of  the  same  character. 

The  cavities  in  the  North  American  stone  utensils  thus  far  described 
are  produced,  as  stated,  in  a  manner  betokening  but  little  care.  I  now  pass 
over  to  another  class  of  objects,  which  bear  in  their  genei-al  appearance 
much  resemblance  to  the  iir.st-mentioned  stones  (typified  by  Fig.  32),  birt 
which,  to  judge  from  the  character  of  their  cavities,  were  designed  for  a 
totally  different  purpose.  They  are  pebbles,  or  more  or  less  flattish  frag- 
ments, exhibiting  either  on  one  of  the  broad  surfaces  or  on  both,  a  reg- 
ular cup-shaped  cavity  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter, 
which  has  almost  invariably  been  produced  by  means  of  a  rotating  grind- 
ing tool. 

Fig.  35  shows  the  character  of  a  specimen  of  this  class  in  the  National 
Museum.  It  is  a  somewhat  liattisli  dioritic  p-bble,  two  inches  and  a  half 
thick,  which  exhibits  on  ihe  ligured  surface  a  circular  cup-shaped  cavity, 
measuring  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter  and  nine-sixteenths  of  an  inch  in 
depth.  There  is  a  similar  cavity  on  the  opjjosite  side  of  the  stone.  This 
specimen  was  found  near  Groveport,  Franklin  County,  Ohio. 

"  Jones  (CbarleaC):  Aiiliquitics  of  the  Somliiiii  Indians;  pp.  ;!15.  31S. 


M 


i  ? 


l!:| 


w 


46 


CUPSEIAPED  AND  OTHim  LAPIDAUIAX  SCULPTDKES. 


In  Fi<T.  36  I  give  the  representation  of  anotlier  stono  of  this  type, 
derived  from  the  neighborhood  of  Portsmoutli,  Oiiio,  and  likewise  preserved 
in  the  National  M>iseum.  It  is  a  pebble  of  fine-grained  sandstone,  almost 
quadrilateral  in  shape,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  thick,  and  provided  on  each 
side  with  a  rather  shallow  depression.  Both  cavities  are  covered  with  red 
paint,  which  seems  to  have  penetrated  into  tho  stone.  Several  other  speci- 
mens in  the  archajnlogical  collection  of  the  National  Museum  are  character- 
ized by  the  same  peculiarity,  and  hence  it  may  bo  assumed  that  the  stones 
under  notice  are  cups  in  which  the  aborigines  rubbed  or  dissolved  the  colors 
used  in  face-painting  and  for  other  purposes.  Indeed,  paint-mortars  of 
stone,  not  much  differing  from  the  utensils  in  question,  are  still  employed 
by  remote  western  tribes. 

I  must  now  proceed  to  consider  another  very  remarkable  class  of  North 
American  relics,  namely,  stones  of  larger  size,  upon  which  sevral  cup- 
like cavities  are  worked  out.  The  material  of  these  stones  i.-s  almost 
exclusively  sandstone,  and  thoy  occur  mostly  in  the  shape  of  flat  fragments 
without  definite  contours.  The  cups  are  either  on  one  of  the  flat  sides  or 
on  both,  and  their  number  on  a  surface  varies,  as  far  as  I  have  observed, 
from  two  to  ten.  They  are  irregularly  distributed,  being  placed  close 
together  or  more  or  less  a[)art  from  each  other.  In  general  they  measure 
an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter,  bu;  sometimes  less.  The  cavities  are  pro- 
duced by  grinding,  and  usually  approach  a  semi-spherical  form;  occasion- 
ally, however,  they  are  somewhat  conical  or  funnel-shaped.  Their  inner 
surfaces  exhibit  different  degrees  of  smoothness,  being  often,  in  conse- 
quence of  weathering,  rather  rough,  like  the  remaining  surface  of  the  stone. 
These  cup-stones  bear  some  resemblance  to  those  found  in  certain  lacustrine 
stations  of  Switzerland;  but  they  seem  to  differ  in  appearance  and  destina- 
tion from  the  English  cupped  stones  described  by  Mr.  Greonwell. 

A  cup-stone  in  the  National  Museum,  derived  from  Summit  County. 
Ohio,  and  weighing  eleven  pounds,  is  represented  by  I'ig.  37.  The  level 
surface  shows  nine  cups,  of  which  six  are  perfect,  and  three,  placed  near 
the  broken  sides,  more  or  less  incoini)lete.  The  stone,  it  will  be  seen,  is  a 
fragment,  and  may  originally  have  been  provided  with  more  than  nine  cav- 
ities.    There  are  now  eleven  of  these  cup-stones  in  the  National  Museum, 


i 


RAU.) 


NORTH  AMERICAN  OGl'-STONES. 


47 


five  of  which  have  been  found  in  Pennsylvania,  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and 
Illinois,  while  the  remaining  six  are  derived  from  Ohio,  which  State,  I 
believe,  has  furnished  the  majority  of  the  known  specimens. 

An  Ohio  cup-stone  in  the  National  Museum  deserves  particular  men- 
tion, on  account  of  one  of  its  cavities  being  covered  with  red  jiaint,  which 
cannot  be  removed  by  moistening.  It  is  the  only  case  of  this  kind  noticed 
by  me,  and  the  use  of  the  cavity  as  a  paint-cup  in  this  instance  may  bo 
accidental.  I  therefore  will  not  venture  to  express  the  opinion  that  all 
North  American  cup-stones  of  the  typo  represented  by  Fig.  iil  are  to  be 
considered  as  utensils  designed  to  hold  colors.  Yet  the  possibility  of  this 
mode  of  application  cannot  be  denied,  considering  that  the  Indian  inhab- 
itants of  the  East  and  of  the  Mississippi  Valley  employed  different  kinds 
of  paints,  each  of  which  had  to  be  made  ready  for  use  in  a  separate  recep- 
tacle. Small  paint-cups  of  earthenware,  joined  together,  and  certainly 
reminding  one  by  their  arrangement  of  the  i»avities  in  the  stones  under 
notice,  are  in  use  among  the  Zuui  Indians  of  New  Me.xico.  Several  speci- 
mens were  obtained  by  Mr.  James  Stevenson  in  1879,  during  his  expedition 
to  New  Mexico  and  Arizona,  undertaken  under  the  auspices  of  the  Bureau 
of  Etiniology.  Fig.  38  represents  one  of  the  articles  in  question.  It  con- 
sists of  four  uniteil  cups  of  an  inch  and  a  half  in  diameter  and  about  an 
inch  in  depth.*  The  paints  still  adhering  to  the  inner  surfaces  of  these 
cups  are  red,  white,  yellow,  and  blue.  There  is  but  little  difference  be- 
tween the  dimensions  of  the  cups  and  the  cavities  of  the  cup-stones  just 
described. 

j\Ir.  Stevenson  obtained  on  the  same  occasion  from  Indians  of  the 
Puol)lo  of  Tesuque,  New  Mexico,  a  small  mortar  and  i)estle,  both  of  stone, 
which  were  used  by  tlunn  in  the  preparation  of  piunt.  Tliis  simple  appa- 
ratus, represented  by  Fig.  39,  hardly  would  attract  particular  attention,  if 
it  were  not  for  a  cup-shaped  cavity  excavated  on  one  side  of  the  pestle, 
and  perfectly  corresponding  in  shape  and  size  with  the  artificial  depressions 
of  the  cnp-stones.  The  cavity  .s(?rved  to  receive  a  portion  of  the  liquid  \y,\'mt 
prepared  in  the  mortar.  Such  at  least  Avas  the  account  given  to  Mr.  Ste- 
venson Ijy  the  Tesuque  Indians.     They  probably  poured  into  the  cavity  a 

*  The  number  of  cups  in  the  spcoimons  obtniucd  by  Mr.  Stevenson  varies  between  two  and  five. 


48 


(nxrsirAi'Ki)  and  otiiku  laimdauian  scuhi'TuitKa. 


small  fjiiiintit}'  of  the  iluiil  i)i{^niont,  in  order  to  uao  it  I'rocd  from  the  piir- 
ticlos  of  coloring  mineral  substance  remainin^f  in  the  mortar.* 

These  two  illustrations  of  the  use  of  paint-cups  among  Indians  of  our 
time  certairdy  afford  no  direct  evidence  that  the  cup-stones  in  question  were 
made  to  serve  in  a  similar  manner,  though  they  certaitdy  heighten  the 
probability  of  such  an  application. 

The  first  notice  of  an  American  cui)-stone,  I  believe,  is  contained  in 
"The  Ancient  ]\[onumcnts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,"  by  Scjuier  and  Davis, 
the  well-known  work  published  in  1848  as  the  lirst  volume  (»f  Smithsonian 
Contributions  to  Knowledge.  On  page  20G  (Fig.  1*2)  a  sandstone  block, 
said  to  have  been  found  in  one  of  the  mounds  of  Ohio,  is  hgin-ed.  The 
block,  weighing  between  thirty  anil  forty  jjounds,  exhibited  on  its  surface 
a  number  of  cups  of  diifercnt  sizes,  rcsendding,  as  the  authors  state,  in  all 
respects  those  in  work-blocks  of  cop])ersuiiths,  in  which  ])lat('s  of  metal 
are  hammered  to  give  them  convexity.  Hence  it  ajjjjoared  to  thorn  prob- 
able that  the  block  had  been  used  in  the  manufactun;  of  such  concavo- 
convex  discs  of  native  copper  as  are  sometimes  mot  with  in  the  mounds  of 
the  Mississipi)i  Valley.  While  living  in  New  Ycjrk,  I  had  often  occasion  to 
see  a  fragment  of  this  block  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  10.  II.  Davis,  and  a 
careful  examination  of  the  relic  made  it  evident  to  mo  that  the  cavities  had 
not  ])eeu  u.sed  as  Messrs.  Squier  and  Davis  supposed.  By  the  sale  of  the 
Davis  collection,  which  comprised  the  bulk  of  the  mound-relics  obtained 
by  the  two  explorers,  to  the  late  Mr.  William  Ulackmore,  the  fragment  in 
question  was  transferred  to  the  Blackmore  Museum,  in  Salisbury,  England, 
and  Mr.  E.  T.  Stevens  has  since  described  it  as  follows  : — 

"The  oblong  fragment  in  the  Blackmore  collection  measures  six  inches 
by  eight,  and  has  upon  it  three  perfect  detached  cups,  two  cups  Avhich  arc 
confluent,  j)ortions  of  three  rniished  cups,  one  half  finished,  and  several 
which  have  been  commenced.  It  may  be  well  to  remark  that  these  'cups' 
are  oval,  there  being  a  difference  in  the  two  diameters  of  about  one-eii-hth 
of  an  inch.  They  measure  in  their  greater  diameter  about  one  inch  and  a 
half,  and  are  about  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  in  depth.     Judging  from  the 

*  III  ]):iiiiting  pottery,  etc.,  tbuy  aiil)ly  tlic  color  witli  ii  brusli  strijjped  from  the  leaves  of  tho 
yucca  plaut. 


JUU  1 


NORTH  AMi;itM^\N  CUP  HTONIW. 


49 


enfrniviii),'  in  tli(f  'Aiicicut  Moiuiiiioiits  of  tli(^  Mississippi  V'all(!y.'  flic  cups 
upon  tlitf  oriiriiial  mass  were  not  all  of  tlin  sanu^  siz(!.  ()n»i  corner  (»f  tli« 
fnifrniont  indicates  that  it  has  been  oxposod  to  tlio  a(;tion  of  iirc  Scpiior 
and  Davis  have  HUgf^cstod  that  these  cups  were  used  in  hannnerin-,'  phites 
of  (^(ppcr  into  the  convex  form  needed  for  niakinj;'  bosses.  Tlie  circnm- 
stances  that  two  of  tlie  cups  are  confhient,  tliat  the  surfacci  of  the  hhu'k 
has  not  been  smoothed,  and  that  there  is  no  evi(h*nce  of  bruising  from 
haumiering,  all  militatt!  against  the  idea  that  this  block  was  used,  or  was 
even  intended  to  be  used,  as  an  anvil."* 

Of  lato  years  Colonel  Charles  Whittlesey  has  devoted  special  attention 
to  cup-stones.  According  to  his  statement,  they  occur  (piite  frecjuently  in 
Northern  Ohio,  more  particularly  in  the  valley  of  the  Cuyahoga  Wivcr;  but 
he  informs  nie  by  lettec  that,  to  his  knowledge,  nont?  have  been  obtained 
from  the  numerous  mounds  of  Ohio.  He  brings  the  cnp-stones  in  connec- 
tion with  tlie  spirniing  process  of  the  natives,  sup|)osing  the  (cavities  had 
served  as  sockets  in  whi(;h  spindles  wcjre  made  to  revolve,  and  hence  ho 
calls  the  stones  "si)indle-socket-8tones."t  I  nuist  confess  that  I  carniot 
share  CVdonel  Whittlesey's  ojunion,  in  view  of  the  absence  of  spindle- 
whorls  in  tlios(i  parts  of  the  United  States  wl  ere  cup-stones  thus  far  have 
been  found.  If  spindle-whorls  had  been  in  use  ainiuig  the  fornu-r  inhal)- 
itants  of  this  country,  it  is  very  probable  that,  in  conf(»riiiity  with  their 
well-known  tasto,  they  would  have  made  them  of  stone  or  clay,  and  iji  that 
case  they  would  be  as  abundant  in  the  eastern  half  of  the  United  States  as 
they  are  in  Kurope,  where  the  i)ra(;tice  of  spinning  by  means  of  this  simi)le 
contrivance  dates  as  far  back  as  the  neolithic  period. J  Adair,  it  is  true,  in 
describing  the  mode  of  weaving  in  vogue  among  the  Southern  Indians 
(iMu.skokis,  etc.),  s])eaks  of  an  apparatus  which  muji  liav(;  been  a  spindle. 
"Formerly,"  he  observes,  "the  Indians  made  very  handsome  carpets,  'i'hey 
have  a  wild  hemp  that  grows  about  six  feet  high,  in  open,  rich,  level  lands, 
and  which  usually  ripens  in  .Inly.  It  is  plenty  on  our  frontie-'  ; -^illements. 
When  it  is  iitfor  use,  they  pull,  steep,  peel,  and  beat  it;  and  tii,     i.!  women 

•Sli^vons:  Flint  i'liips;  l,ii:Ml()n,  l»-7l),  p. 'I"!!. 

t  Wliittlfwy  ;  Aiiciriit  Kaitli  I'm! »  of  Ihc  Ciiyiilmgii  Valley,  Ohio;  Clivcliiinl,  li"7l,  \<.  X',. 
!  It  limy  hv  nu|)p(wcil  that  wliirovcr  Kiiiiidli-wlioiiH  wcru  ciiiiilDycd  in   )ir<lii.st(iric  tinictt,  eaiili 
Woman  anil  girl  imsMcitscct  at  least  cine  of  tliesc  uteusilH. 
4    I,  S 


' 


50 


(HIPSIIAIKI)  AND  OTilKU  LAIMDAUIAN  SOULmJJtKS. 


spin  it  off  tlic  distaffs  \f\t\i  Avoodon  iiiiu-liiiies,  luiviii;^;  soino  clay  on  tlu;  niiddlo 
of  tlicni  to  hasten  tlitj  motion.  Wlicn  tlio  coarse  thread  is  jircpared,  tiiey 
pnt  it  into  a  Cninic  aljont  six  feet  siinaio,  and  instead  of  a  sluittle  thc^y  thrnst 
thmno-h  tlie  tin-eadwith  u  lon-^  cane,  having  a  lar^e  strinj^  thn)n},di  tho  weh, 
wiiicdi  th(!y  shift  at  every  second  conrst;  of  tlio  tin-ead  Wlien  t\wy  liavo 
tl:".s  fniished  tlieir  arduons  labour,  thoy  paint  each  side  of  tho  carpet  with 
HUch  tijjuros  of  various  c^ohiurs  as  their  fruitful  imaginations  d-svise,  particu- 
larly the  images  of  thos(!  hirds  and  Ixtasts  they  are  accpnunted  with,  and 
likewise  of  tiu'mseives,  acting  in  their  social  and  martial  stations."*  Had 
iho  contrivances,  called  "machines"  by  Adair,  l)een  real  sjtindles,  he  i)roba- 
bly  would  have  recognized  them  as  such,  a^;  !ie  undoubtedly  had  witnessed 
thoir  use  in  Great  Ihitain,  which  countn  he  left  during  the  first  half  of  tho 
eighteenth  century,  and  where  spinning  with  distaff  and  spindle  has  not  yet 
entirely  fallen  into  disuse  in  our  tinu^ 

Certain  Indian  trilu's  in  remote  western  districts,  tlie  Navajos  and 
Pueblo  Indians,  for  instance,  use  at  tiie  present  time  spindles  for  spinning 
the  cotton  and  sheeps'  wool  employed  in  tho  manufacture  of  blankt^ts  and 
other  textile  articles  Their  whorls  are  disc,  of  wood,  stone,  bone,  horn, 
and  burned  clay.  The  arduiMdogical  collection  of  the  United  States 
National  Museum  contains  no  North  vmerican  object  of  stone  or  clay, 
found  north  of  ^lexico,  in  wiiicli  I  can  recognize  a  spindle-whorl.  In  Mexico, 
it  is  well  known,  s[)indl!'s  were  in  general  use,  and  the  wdiorls  {iitalaratl) 
are  among  the  commo.i  oljects  seen  in  collections  of  Aztec  antiquities. 
They  are  represented  in  the  National  Museum  by  many  spe(;imens,  all 
made  of  terra-cotta,  and  in  some  instaiu-es  tastefully  ornamented,  like  the 
originals  of  Figures  40  and  41,  which  were  obtained  by  tho  late  Cohmel 
Urantz  Mayer  at  Tezcnco,  and  presented  to  tho  Smithsonian  Institution  in 
18(j2.  The  Mexican  method  of  spinning  is  illustrated  b}' designs  in  the 
Mendoza  Codex,  published  by  Lord  Kingsborongh. 

It  doubtless  will  be  a  matter  of  great  interest  to  arclucologists,  both  in 
this  country  and  in  lOurope,  to  learn  that  large  cujjped  blocks,  fully  resem- 
bling those  of  the  Old  World,  have  of  late  years  been  observed  in  the 

"AJair:  The  History  of  the.  Aiiuiicau  Iiidiiiii't •  I.(>''..i<)ii,  I77ri,  ji.  '2ii. — Tlio  romains  of  trxtilo 
fabrics  having  been  found  in  mounds  of  tlii»  couutry,  it  follows  that  .soirio  Bort  of  wonviug  was  iirac- 
tiscd  hore  in  timos  Ion;;  past. 


i 


KADI 


NORTH  AMKklCAN'  riJI'l'IM*  ItOCLMKIJH. 


fil 


United  SUitt'8.  As  yot  n  fow  only  uro  knowi),  l)iit  oio  loiij;,  T  •ira  coiifidont, 
tlio  exiatenco  of  others  will  l)o  ascertuiiicd.  Wiionovcr  iiivcstigutors  liivvo 
their  attention  drawn  to  a  new  (dass  of  antifpiities,  they  endeavor  to  iind 
them,  and  are  usually  sneoessfnl  in  their  efforts. 

Fifr.  42  shows  the  appearance  of  a  enpped  block  preserved  in  the 
building  of  the  Society  of  Natural  History  in  Cincinnati,  to  which  associa- 
tion it  was  presented  by  the  discoverer.  Dr.  H.  II.  Hill,  a  resident  of  that 
city.  His  letters  and  a  coininunicatiou  from  IVofessor  J.  Jlickelhorough, 
also  of  Cinciiniati,  enable  nie  to  jrive  the  ftdlowin;,'  account:  — 

The  block  was  found  by  Dr.  Hill  durinjf  an  iircha'olo<,qcal  excursion,  in 
May,  1874,  a  mile  and  a  half  above  Irouton,  Lawrence  County,  Ohio,  near 
the  bank  of  the  Ohio.  It  was,  indeed,  washed  by  the  water  of  that  river, 
and  covered  with  debris  that  had  fallen  from  the  upper  ])ortion  of  the  bank, 
from  which  latter  circumstance  Dr.  Hill  concludcil  it  had  also  rolled  from 
this  hifrher  level  to  the  lower  Uiar^rin  of  the;  rivii-b.ink.  ,  Having  bought 
the  block  from  the  owner  of  the  land,  he  had  ii  removed  from  its  position 
and  conveyed  by  steamboat  to  Cinciruiati,  wiiere  it  arrived  in  .lune,  1874. 
In  the  same  year  he  presented  it  to  the  Cincinnati  Society  of  Natural  His- 
tory. The  block  or  boulder,  which  consists  of  coarse-grained  dark-gray 
sandstone,  is  three  feet  long,  two  feet  and  seven  inches  wide,  and  a  foot 
and  a  half  high,  and  measures  eight  feet  seven  inches  in  circumference.  It 
weighs  between  a  thousand  and  twelve  hundred  pounds.  According  to  Dr. 
Hill,  the  surface  of  the  stone  shows  one  hundred  and  sixteen  cups,  either 
rounded  or  conical  in  shape.*  Professor  Jlickelborough  mentions  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  cups,  which  he  describes  as  being  circular  in  outline,  and 
apparently  produced  by  attrition  with  some  blunt  implement.  The  average 
diameter  of  the  cups  is  an  inch  and  a  half,  and  their  depth  about  half  an 
inch;  but  some  are  five-eighths  of  an  inch  deep,  and  others  again  more 
shallow.     The   inside  of  the  cups,  he  says,   is   rather  smooth.  }-et   not  as 

•Fur  pliotnirniplis  aftor  wliioli  flic  iltiistratioii  was  cxecuti'd,  I  am  imlchtid  lo  Dr.  IIUI  and  .Jinlfjo 
51.  r.  rorci',  of  Ciiiciiiiiati.  I  had  flir  hIoiic  drawn  on  wood  in  liad-]Mii(il,  and  In  Ion'  liandinff  ov<'r 
tlui  liliiek  to  I  hi'  \vood-in;;iavi'r,  I  wnl  a  i)lnito;;rai)li  <dllii'  drawinjjlo  .Ind;;i'  Kiinc  rori'oiiiiiarisoii  willi 
flic  orifrinal.  lie  rciilicd  (.lainniry  1(1,  l^-rtl)  as  follows:  "  I  think  this  dois  virv  will  a.s  a  ri'incsonta- 
tion  of  the  ciiii-Klone.  Of  oouisi',  tlieic  ii  an  cxa^'Kcratid  distinctness  in  the  inps— that  is,  the  shadow 
in  tllo  hollows  is  not  so  distinct,  at  least  in  onr  snnlighl,  as  it  is  in  the  jiiitnie  "—I  hope  the  slightly 
exaggerated  distinctness  of  the  cups,  allnded  to  li.v  Judge  Force,  will  be  deemed  uUonable,  the  more  so 
ns  tbn  boulder  was  exi)ospd  to  the  artion  of  water,  and  formerly  doubtless  exhibited  more  distinct  cups 


52  CUPSnAI'ED  AND  OTDEIl  LAIMDAUIAN  SCULPTU.^ES. 

smooth  as  tlic  cavities  of  anotlier  smaller  specimen  in  the  collection  of  tho 
Society  of  Natural  History.  In  one  cup,  ho  further  observes,  is  a  central 
depression  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in  depth  and  of  equal  diameter. 
This  central  pit  seems  to  have  been  made  by  means  of  some  sharp-pointed 
instrument.  But  for  this  j)eculiarity  the  cup  resemble;;  the  others  excavated 
on  the  block.  To  jud<re  froni  Dr.  Hill's  description,  the  feature  just  alluded 
to  is  not  contined  to  a  sin-le  cup,  but  is  likewi.n^  noticed  m  others. 

(Jn  one  side  of  the  block,  says  Professor  Jlickclborou-h,  are  some 
grooves  four  or  hve  inclies  lon<;-,  and  likewise  of  artilicial  origin.  They 
have  the  appearance  of  being  worn  down  by  rubbing  continuously  in  one 
direction.  The  diameter  of  the  grooves  is  e(|unl  to  that  of  the  cups,  inso- 
much that  a  cylindrical  stone  applied  in  the  direction  of  its  longitmlinal 
axis  would  have  produced  the  grooves,  and  its  end,  by  rotation,  tlie  cup- 
shaped  cavities. 

The  correspondents  who  have  f-a-nished  me  with  the  material  for  this 
description  offer  no  definite  opinions  as  to  tlie  use  uf  this  remarkable  cup- 
stone.  Dr.  Hill  can  t'-iidc  of  no  practical  purpose  to  which  the  cups  might 
have  been  applied  b}-  those  who  excavate<l  them,  nnhiss  they  served  "as 
means  for  imparting  information  to  their  friends."  Similar  Aiews,  as  will 
be  .een.  liave  been  advanced  in  Europe  with  reference  to  the  large  cup- 
stones  ii:  that  pan  of  the  world. 

Dr.  Hill  speaks  of  two  nnu-h  lar-jer  sandstone  boulders,  one  with 
tweu^y-.iine  and  the  other  with  thirty-seven  cups,  which  he  saw  near  tho 
baidv  of  the  Ohio,  a  few  miles  beh.w  "\Ianc]u^ster,  in  Adams  County,  Ohio 
No  further  particulars  a.,  '..  their  appearance  are  given;  but  Dr.  Hill 
intends  to  e.xan.ine   them  again.       Ho  thinks  it  very  difluadt  to  remove 

them. 

In  Oct.dKM-,  1S7S,  the  Uev.  John  .1.  :\lcCu.)k,  ..f  Hartford,  Connecticut, 
addressed  to  the  SmithsDuian  Institution  a  letter  in  which  he  describes  a 
rui.ped  granite  l)ouMer  cf  large  size,  ly  ng  on  the  edge  of  the  cliff  not  far 
from  bis  cottage  at  Niantic,  in  New  f.ondon  County,  Connecticut.  A  scale- 
drawing  (d'  the  bonl.ler,  here  repro.luced  in  half-size,  and  without^  any 
artistic"end)ellishment,  as  Fig.  43,  mx-ompanied  his  account,  of  which  1 
give  the  following  e.Ktraet  almost  in  his  own  words. 


RAtT.] 


NOKTII  AMERICAN  (UTPPEO  BOULDERS. 


53 


When  Mr.  McCJook  Ijocaine  cognizant  of  tlie  existence  of  the  block,  it 
had  been  only  five  year.s  in  its  present  position.  For  several  generations 
it  had  formed  part  of  the  foundation  of  a  wall,  and  when  the  wall  ^\as 
removed,  it  was  found  almost  imbedded  in  'lie  soil.  At  that  time  he  did 
not  notice  the  peculiar  markings  upon  it;  but  from  the  location  of  the  moss 
\/hich  covers  all  below  the  dotted  line  ab  r  i;i  the  sketch,  and  is  entirely 
absent  upon  what  is  now  the  njiper  surface,  iio  concluded  that  the  stone 
was  ov(,'rset  in  the  remo\al.  Not  far  frt>m  this  bonhh'r  arc  several  others, 
one  of  them  weighing  many  tons,  and  nic(;ly  jioised  upon  the  very  edge  of 
the  rocky  cliiT.  Yet  he  searched  in  vain  for  any  mai-ks  upon  them,  l)earing 
the  slightest  resemblance  to  those  upon  the  subject  of  his  sketch.  His  atten- 
tion was  hrst  drawn  to  these  peculiar  marks  (ive  or  six  years  ago,  while 
visiting  the  ueighl)oring  beach,  the  i)ath  U  admg  there  passing  close  by  the 
c  ipped  boidder.  Ilis  hrst  theory  in  regard  to  them  was,  thaf  tlujy  might 
be  the  work  of  tlu;  Niantic  Indians,  a  small  tribe,  extiiu-t  since  187U,  to 
wliom  all  the  land  in  the  innnediate  neighl)orhood  of  Niantic  once  be- 
l.inged.  But  frouA  the  beginning  he  was  at  a  loss  to  ii;i  erstand  for  what 
))urpose  they  could  have  nnide  these  cu|)-sha])ed  cavities.  He  thought  they 
were  too  smai!  to  have  served  as  mortars,  and  too  symmetrical  in  their 
arrangement  to  have  been  uscmI  for  grinding  down  the  ends  of  pestles;'.  In 
the  meantime,  however,  Mr.  McCook  read  in  the  "Journal  de  Geneve"'  a 
review  of  some  publications  on  cup-stones,  and  hence  it  occiu'red  to  him 
that  the  boulder  under  notice  "  might  be  one  of  that  system  of  marked 
stones  which  are  found  all  over  the  M'orld,  and  are  thought  to  have  some 
relation  to  the  religinus  life  of  ])riinitive  man."  * 

The  cups  belonging  ti>  the  central  group,  II,  111,  IV,  and  V,  are  .strik- 
ini'lv  re^'ular  and  smooth.  Nr.  1  is  much  less  regular,  and  Nr.  VI  is  so 
shallow  and  irregular  that  Mr.  McCoo'c  discov<  led  it  only  on  do.se  exam- 
ination, and,  indeed,  is  (h)ubtful  whether  i  ^loserves  to  be  indicated  as 
bi'longi'ig  to  the  same  class  with  the  rest,  riie  dime'isions  of  the  cu^s  aro 
us  follows : — 

I.   Diameter,  L'i:  inches.  Depth,  ".inch. 

II.   Diameter,  Swindles.  Depth,  'I.  inch. 

HI.   Diameter,  ,5g  inches.  Depth,  ";„  inch. 


54  CUPSUAl'EU  ANO  OTHER  LAI'IDAUIAN  S0ULPTUKE8. 

IV.  Diameter,  3'  inches.  Depth,  f^  inch. 

V.  Diameter,  2|  inches.  Depth,  ?  inch. 

VI.  Diameter,  i;;;X  2s  inches.     Depth,  J  inch. 
The  centre  of  UI  is  a  triHe  out  of  the  line  between  the  centres  of  II 

and  IV. 

Of  the  lines  or  grooves  upon  the  side  of  the  boulder,  tlio  irregular 
curved  one  may  simply  mark  the  boundary  of  erosion  caused  by  the  ele- 
ments, nd  the  straight  ones  may  be  nothing  but  common  strl«.  Tlie 
stone  is  a  hard  granite  of  tolerably  fme  texture.  Its  present  upper  surface  is 
clean  and  snu)oth,  and  entirely  free  from  moss.  The  portion  of  the  side 
below  the  dotted  line  in  the  sketch  and  the  present  under-surface,  as  far  as 
Mr.  McCook  could  ascertain  without  turning  the  stone  quite  over,  are  cov- 
ered with  moss.  The  boulder  measures  nearly  six  feet  and  a  half  in  its 
greatest  dimension. 

So  far  ilr.  :\rcCook.  It  beccnies  evident  by  his  description  that  the 
cavities  on  the  Niantic  boulder  are  some\.'hat  diifercnt  from  those  on  the 
Cincinnati  Ijlock,  and  possibly  may  have  been  designed  for  another  pur- 
pose. Rounded  stones  with  single  cavities  not  larger  and  deeper  than  those 
described  by  Mr.  McCook  arc  not  rare  in  the  United  States,  and  were 
evidently  used  as  mortars ;  and  larger  cavities  wliic-b  have  served  for  the 
same  piu-pose  are  excavated  on  rocks  in  .^itn  in  certain  parts  of  this  couaU-y, 
as  I  shall  have  occasion  to  state  more  in  detail  hereafter.  However,  not 
having  seen  •  Niantic  boulder,  I  will  refrain  from  expressing  with  any 
degree  of  positiveness  an  opinion  at  variance  witli  Mr.  ]\IcCook's  view. 

For  the  present  my  information  with  regard  to  large  cupped  stones  or 
boulders  in  the  United  States  goes  no  further.  The  discovery  of  others  is 
a  mere  question  <if  time.     They  will  be  found  when  properly  looked  for. 

As  early  as  1 805,  Captain  William  Dui)aix,  charged  by  the  King  of  Spain 

with  an  exploration  of  the  antiquities  of  Mexico,  saw  not  far  from  Orizaba 
what  has  been  thought  to  be  a  cup-stone.  Many  years  afterward  a  dupli- 
cate of  his  report  ami  copies  of  the  designs  made  1))  his  artist,  Castafieda, 
were  published  in  Uord  Kingsborough's  "ilexican  Antiquities"  (Volumes 
IV,  V,  and  VI,  I8;j0-'3l).  A  few  years  later,  in  I«;U,  the  work  entitled 
"Antiipiites  Mexicaines"  (by  Alexandre   Lenoir) -was  published  at  Pans. 


RAU, 


NORTH  AMERICAN  CITPPEI)  BOULDERS. 


55 


It  embodies  Ciiptaiu  Dupaix's  oiiginul  ropoii  with  illustrations  nuide  di- 
rectly after  Castafioda's  drawings.  Both  publications  ••ive  a  representation 
of  the  stone  in  question;  but  these  designs  are  so  unlike  e.-tch  other  that  it 
is  im[)ossible  to  form  a  correct  idea  of  its  character.  Fig.  4i  is  a  copy  of 
I.ord  Kingsborough's  illustration.*  The  figure  shows  fourteen  weli-delined 
cup-shaj)ed  cavities,  perfectly  resembling  those  on  the  stones  heretofore 
described.  In  the  later  work--"Antiquites  Mexicaines" — which  might  be 
supposed  to  be  the  more  reliable  one,  the  stone  is  iigured  on  a  larger  scale,t 
but  bears  onl}'  in  outline  a  resemblance  to  Kingsborough's  illustration. 
Instead  of  distinct  cups  it  merely  shows  a  number  of  irregular  cavities, 
totall}-  different  from  the  cups  indicated  on  Kingsborough's  plate.  Hence 
there  remains  a  doubt  as  to  the  real  appearance  of  the  stone,  Avhich  will 
not  be  removed  before  it  has  been  examined  again  by  some  explorer.  I 
translate  the  description  of  the  stone,  as  given  by  Dupaix  in  "Antiquitcs 
Slexicaines": — 

"From  this  place  (Orizaba)  we  proceeded  toward  the  bridge  across  the 
river  Blanco,  sixteen  leagui  s  southeast  of  the  city,  in  order  to  examine  a 
rock  called  Tcololintfa.  It  is  spherical  in  slia.pe,  very  hard,  of  a  bluish-black 
color,  and  emits  no  fire  when  struck  witli  a  steel.  It  has  been  skillfully 
placed  in  the  midst  of  an  extensive  savann  It  measures  about  twenty- 
two  feet  and  a  half  in  circumference  and  a  iiili-  moii  than  six  feet  in  diam- 
eter. This  stone,  poised  upon  its  axis  by  those  who  formerly  fashioned  it, 
has  the  p</culiarity  that,  when  touched  only  with  the  little  linger,  it  moves 
and  corun.ues  to  vibrate  for  some  time;  while  it  remains  apparently  motinn- 
less  wjien  a  greater  force  is  applied,  (^n  its  surface  are  seen  some  circular 
holes  {troiis  circulain'ti)  of  little  depth,  \fhicli  can  hold  water  in  sea m mis  of 
rain.  It  appears  to  have  served  in  olden  times  as  a  boundary  or  land-mark 
(de  borne  on  dc  Ihnite),  for  there  is  anotlu-r  one  at  a  distance  of  two  leagues 
from  it."t 

*  Vol.  IV,  Tlio  Monnino'.its  of  Nrw  S|iiiiii,  by  M.  Onp.iix,  t'.irt  I.  Pliito  IV,  Vif,.  Id, 

t.Ml.is.  rii'inii'ic  rarlic.  IManclir  VIII. 

t  AiiliiiMiK's  Mi'xir.iinos ;  Iti'lalioii  (li-  la  I'lriiiicrf"  Kxpcditiim  du  Capitaino  Diipaix  rn  l»(i,'i,  Vol, 
I,  p.  7. — Fur  tlio  H.'iko  of  I'oiiiparisoii  1  cupy  luTo  tlu>  k'SH  ciimplrtt'  ili'sciiiition  puliliKlicd  liy  I,i>id  KiiiRs- 
lHirim!:Ii;--"  Fn>m  licnco  (Orizabal  \vi'  went  ti>  tlio  liridiji'  of  llic  river  Itlaiud,  aliiiiil  rnrly-i'i;;lit  iiii'rs 
Himth-nisl  of  Orizulia,  in  scanh  of  a  larm"  hIihu'  ralli'd  Ti'(ilolitii;a,  'I'liis  Hiniii'  is  upliirical  in  its  furni, 
vi'rv  liard  (llinii^li  it  will  imt  I'liiil  lir(<  when  stnirk  liy  the  Nti'ol),  and  "f  ii  darU-ldnc  cidnnr.  U  liascvi- 
di'iilly  Ih'iii  wrought  into  its  pirsint  nltapc,  and  plaiuil  in  llio  niiildlcola  spaiiimfi  plain,  liy  the  ani'icnt 


i 


56 


CUl'SHAPKD  AND  OTHHU  LAPIDAKIAN  HClTfA'TIJURS. 


I  iiiii  iKit  iiwiiic  tliiit  otlier  stones  of  iuialo;rous  cliJiractor  liavo  ])oen 
noticed  ill  Mexico  ;  nor  liiiv(!  I  thus  I'ar  obtained  precise  int'orination  as  to 
tlie  occuiTenc('  of  cupped  stones  or  boulders  in  parts  of  the  Aniericaa  con- 
tinent wbicli  are  situated  soutli  of  Mexico.* 

In  connection  with  Nortii  American  cup-stones  should  be  mentioned 
boul(U'rs  or  rocks  with  an  artitieial  cavity,  »tr  with  cuviti«;s,  servinj^  for  the 
trituration  of  yrain,  and  tints  formiu}^  what  nuf>-lit  l)e  calU'd  stationary  mor- 
tars. Tiieir  occurrence  extends  over  a  iarnr  portion  of  North  America; 
but  there  is  considerable  dilfereiu^e  in  the  character  of  the  cavities,  as  the 
following  .statements  will  show. 

( 'olonel  Jones  saw  in  tlm  middle  and  upper  parts  of  Georj^ia  "large 
boulders — .some  of  them  waist-higli — permanent  in  their  locatir»u,  whose 
tops  had  been  hollowetl  out  for  mortars.  These  cavities  were  circulai-  in 
form,  and  capable  of  holding  a  half  peck  or  more.  They  may  be  regarded 
as  public  property,  and  atl'ord  proof  of  the  stability  of  the  agricultural  popu- 
lation by  whi(di  they  wer(!  used."f  In  historical  times,  however,  the  south- 
ern trilx's  to  whom  ( 'oloncl  .loiics  refers  are  known  to  ha\e  generally  used 
wooden  nu>rtars  for  pounding  maize.  Adair  alhuh'S  to  their  use  and  describes 
the  method  of  hollowing  them  out  by  means  of  fire.}  Hunter  notices  the 
wooden  mortars  of  the  Indians  among  whom  he  lived;  but  "in  addition," 
he  .say.s,  "each  village  has  one  or  two  large  stone  mortars  for  poinuliug 
corn:  they  are  placed  in  a  central  situation,  are  ])ublic  jnoperty,  and  are 
used  in  rotation  by  the  different  familie.s."§ 

iiilialiiliiiiN  111'  tlir  iMiiiiliy.  U  is  so  aill'iillv  iMl.'incril  iipoii  ilH  iixis  ;in  to  iivolvt!  at  tlir  «li;"Iili'hl  lonclr 
of  till"  tin;,'!'!';  Iiiil  if  a  uriali  r  liircc  Im'  iisnl  ll  will  slaiiil  willimil  llic  Irast  .'i]i|iar>'nl  iniilicni.  Its  nih- 
fai'i' contains  siiiiii'  liiilrs  capalili' of  lioliliii^  a  small  <]iianlity  of  water.  I'  appiars  to  havi'  anciiiitly 
Hcrvnl  us  a  lanil-iiiai'lc.  TliiT*'  is  allot  lit- r  ol  tliTsc  stoiit'N  to  the  i-ast,  a1>onl  six  iiiilcs  illHtant."  \'nl.  \'I, 
Tilt'  .Vntiiiim'titu  !»/■  \t'U'  Spain,  hij  M.  Ihtjmir,  p.  l-.'i. 

*I  c|iiotr,  liowcvi'i',  from  llif  "  Mali'i  iaiix ''  ( I'liT,  p.  Ji'JH)  the  followiii);  iioto,  aililri>>Ml  to  M. 
Gitbriol  lie  Mortillct  liy  I'volissor  I'.  Sliolnl,  and  daliil  llinnos  .\yns,  May  Jil,  iHKi:— 

"ApifS  les  ;ir'ii'li'H  (Ic  Moi'iot,  A,\  m;iitl  Simoiiiii  ct  Hoiivet.  snr  Ics  pii-rrcs  a  eciirlli's  rt  a  bassiiis, 
il  no  Kora  pas  sans  inti'-ri't  pour  vons  trapjii'i'mlro  tin'on  on  ti'ouvo  do  srmldaliU's  dans  la  t^iorra  do  San 
Luis.  On  y  voit  do  tri's-nomlni'iix  liassiiis  rrousos  dans  la  roilic,  di'  divrrsos  dimonsions.  lis  oiiti 
scrvi  aiix  Iiidions  pour  i^i  rasor  of  liroyii  los  fruits  ol  los  (jrainos,  d,  pont-olri'  iiioino,  a  nno  opoipii'  moiiis 
aiioii'iini',  pour  iriliiror  lo  miiKiai  aurifi'ro  ilo  cos  nirintaftnos.  II  cxisto  aiissi  clos  pioms  a  liassius  dans 
los  nionia;,'nos  di'  Mondo^ta,  datant  <lo  r('po(|iio  dcs  liuas.  Cos ilivois  lia^sins out  po  M•r^  il  iltidis iiHa^os 
bioii  dillV'Toiils :  ri'-lii^inix,  ^astrouoniiqiio  ot  nii''tallur)ii<|Uo." 

t.loMis(('liallos  I". ) ;   Aiitiipiitios  of  llio  Sonlliorn  Iiicliniis:  |i.  IIIII, 

t  Adair:    TIjo  History  of  tlio  Ainorii'aii  Indians;   p.  tlli. 

vMliintor:  .Manuors  anil  Cnsloms  of  .Sov<  ral  Indian  Tribes  loialiil  wist  of  llu'  SIiH.si.>^«ippi ;  I'liila- 
dplpliin,  H'.'ll.  p.  'jrrt. 


Ti 


KAU. 


NOKTIT  AMi:iUCAN  BOULDEKS  WITH  MORTAK  CAVITIKS.  57 


A  bouMfi-  foinuil}-  iisod  as  a  mortar  is  tlms  (U'scribod  by  Protessor 
Sainuc-1  Aiif^lioy,  of  the  University  of  Nebraska:— "Four  miles  northwest  of 
Nebraska  City,  on  the  farm  of  Hon.  J.  F.  Kinney,  is  a  granitic  boulder  as 
I»r«,re  as  a  small  house,  on  whose  top  smooth  holes  have  been  worn  by  the 
I  n<lians  in  <,n-in(linLf  or  jjonndinf,'  corn.  This  boulder  is  ind)odded  in  a  Loess 
deposit,  throufih  which  it  extends  from  the  Drift  below."*  Upon  inquiry 
by  letter,  I  leariu-d  from  Professor  Aughey  that  the  most  conspicuous  of  the 
cavities  measures  fourteen  inches  in  diameter  and  six  in  d(i)th  Its  inside, 
he  says,  is  worn' as  smooth  as  glass.  The  other  cavities  on  this  boulder  are 
shallow  and  faint  compared  to  this  one. 

Tn  the  Hierra  Waco,  in  the  extreme  northwestern  corner  of  Texas,  al)out 
thirty  miles  east  of  Kl  Paso,  State  of  (Jhihuahua,  Mexico,  the  Hon.  John 
R.  IJartlett  noticed  "an  overhanging  rock  extending  for  some  distance,  the 
whole  surface  of  which  is  covered  with  rude  paintings  and  sculptures,  nip- 
resenting  men,  animals,  birds,  snakes,  and  fantastic;  figures. On  the 

shelving  portion  of  the  ])lace  in  (pu'stlon  are  several  circular  holes  in  the 
solid  granite,  from  twelve  to  fifteen  inches  deej),  wdiich  the  Indians  have 
made  and  used  as  mortars  for  ])ounding  their  ccu-n  in;  similar  ones  being 
found  all  over  the  country  where  the  al)origines  have  had  their  habitations."t 
Afterward,  while  proceeding  in  ( ■liiluiahua  from  Correlitos  t(^  Kl  Paso,  Mr. 
liartlett  saw  a  smooth  rock  covering  about  half  an  acre,  to  the  right  of  the 
road.  In  this  rock  he  counted  twenty-six  cavities  within  a  few  feet  of  each 
other.  Tlx'y  were  from  twelve  to  eighteen  inches  deep  and  aliout  six  in 
diameter,  and  had  been  dug  out  to  serve  as  mortars.t  In  a  letter  addressed 
to  me  he  aihls :— "I  rcnu'inber  that  there  was  at  that  place  a  great  (puuitity 
of  tii^.t  chip^)ings,  l)rok('n  arrow  and  spear-heads,  fragments  of  pottery,  etc., 
.showing  that  the  Indians  had  spent  much  time  here  in  making  their  stone 

implements." 

1  am  indebted  to  Mr.  Stt  ,,hen  l^owers,  at  presei.t  residing  in  (Jlintou, 
Wisconsin,  for  the  foHowing  account  of  rocks  with  lufn-tar-cavities  seen  by 
him  in  California.      lie  says; — 

"These  are  not  nnfrequently  met  with  in  Santa  Uarbara  County,  Cali- 

•AiiKhcy:  Skitrli.'S  ofllii'  l'li,VM<al  (;ro^iii|iliy  iind  (iinlnt^.v  of  Nil)rii»ka ;  Onialin,  N(  liiUBlvii,  lH-0, 

tU.iitlcll:  IVrwiiial  Nim.ilivc  mC  Kxiiloralinns  ami  Im  idi'iits  in  T.xas,  Ni.w  Mfxifii,  t'ulildrnia, 
tioncira,  aii'l  Cliiliualina,  it,.;  N'l'W  Vmk,  K>l,  Vnl.  1,  \i.  Kn. 

t/6id.,  Vol.  II,  p.  3*11.  • 


58 


CUP  SHAPED  AND  OTHER  LAPIDARIAN  SCULPTURES. 


fornia.  I  have  also  seen  them  in  Napa  Valley,  fifty  miles  north  of  San 
Francisco;  indeed,  I  deem  it  safe  to  say  they  may  bo  found  in  nearly  every 
portion  of  California,  especially  on  and  near  the  old  village  sites  once 
inhabited  by  the  less  nomadic  tribes. 

"  But  the  most  remarkable  of  these  excavations  I  discovered  on  the 
summit  of  the  Santa  Inez  range  of  mountains,  in  Santa  Barbara  County, 
about  one  mile  west  of  the  stage-road-crossing,  and  at  an  elevation  of  2,6<i0 
feet  above  the  sea-level.  Here  is  an  open  space  of  nearly  level  land,  sev- 
eral acres  in  extent,  whero  springs  of  cool  sweet  water  rise,  and,  uniting, 
send  a  sparkling  rividet  down  the  mountain-side.  Elevations,  covered 
with  timber,  form  this  into  an  amphitheater,  while  mountain-peaks  rise  in 
every  direction.  In  this  romantic  spot  the  aborigines  founded  a  village, 
which  must  have  been  occupied  for  a  great  length  of  time.  Although  the 
place  is  now  enclosed  as  a  field,  and  the  site  of  the  old  village  has  been 
ploughed  and  tilled  by  white  men,  yet  the  circular  depressions  indicating  the 
dwelling-places  of  the  Indians  are  plainly  seen.  Marine  shells,  brought 
from  the  ocean,  six  or  seven  miles  distant,  are  scattered  over  the  entire 
surface  of  the  old  village  site,  with  bones  and  other  kitchen  di'bris.  Near 
this  village  site  is  a  sort  of  natural  grotto  in  the  solid  rock,  covered  with 
rude  paintings  of  a  very  interesting  character,  which  probably  record  the 
more  important  events  in  the  lives  of  the  villagers. 

"Within  the  confines  of  the  old  town  are  two  large  boulders  of  sand- 
stone, into  which  conical  excavations  have  been  made,  and  used  as  mortars 
for  triturating  grain,  acorns,  etc.;  also  cup-shaped  depressions,  the  purpose 
of  which  is  not  clear  to  my  mind.  The  largest  of  these  boulders  (Fig.  45) 
is  twenty-five  feet  in  length,  by  about  ten  feet  in  width,  and  shows  twenty- 
five  excavations,  measuring  from  six  to  twenty-six  inches  in  diameter  at  the 
top,  and  from  five  to  sixteen  inches  in  depth,  'riin  average  width  of  these 
mortar- cavities  is  a  little  over  thirteen  inches,  and  the  depth  something  more 
than  eleven  inches.  The  smallest  is  six  inches  in  diameter  and  five  inches 
deep,  while  the  largest  is  twenty-six  inches  in  diameter  and  sixteen  inciies 
in  depth.  In  one  instance  a  wide  groove  is  cut  between  two  of  thebc  exca- 
vations, one  being  probably  used  for  pulverizing  the  grain,  and  the  other 
as  a  receptacle  for  the  meal.     In  another  in.stance  two  of  the  cavities  are 


U^ 


BAH.]       NORTH  AMERICAN  BOULDERS  WITH  MORTAR  CAVITIES.  59 


worn  until  thoy  meet.  With  one  exception,  these  mortar-shaped  excavations 
are  circular,  and  nearly  as  perfect,  usually,  as  if  laid  out  with  dividers. 
The  exception  is  an  oblong  excavation,  the  greater  axis  measuring  seventeen 
inches,  the  shorter  about  eight  inches. 

"  Tiie  boulder  has  doubtless  been  used  for  this  purpose  a  great  length 
of  time,  indicating  the  comparative  stability  of  the  tribe  once  living  here. 
I  was  unable  to  find  the  pestles  which  were  used  in  these  mortars.  It  was 
the  practice  of  the  Santa  Barbara  Indians  to  bury  pestles  and  other  objects 
with  the  dead,  and  I  presume  there  was  no  exception  in  this  case. 

"  The  smaller  boulder  measures  about  eleven  feet  by  nine  and  a  half 
on  the  surface,  rising  to  the  height  of  six  feet  above  the  earth.  It  contains 
eleven  depressions,  two  or  three  of  which  seem  to  have  been  used  as 
mortars ;  but  the  others,  which  are  quite  shallow,  probably  served  some 
other  purpose. 

"  In  the  canons  and  on  the  foot-hills  along  the  Santa  Inez  range,  I  hfive 
frequently  met  with  boulders  containing  from  one  to  three  or  four  mortar- 
excavations." 

It  appears  to  me  that  some  of  the  boulders  and  rocks  called  pienes  a 
bassins  by  French,  and  Muldcnsieinc  by  German  archseologists,  may  be  con- 
sidered as  stationary  mortars.  Their  resemblance  to  undoubted  American 
mortars  of  this  kind  at  least  would  lead  me  to  that  conclusion.  M.  Morlot, 
for  instance,  describes  such  a  block  near  the  new  road  passing  over  Mount 
Sniiplon  (Canton  of  Valais).  It  has  the  shape  of  a  rough  column  or  a  trunk 
of  a  tree,  is  one  meter  and  five  centimeters  high,  and  ninety  centimeters  in 
diameter.  In  the  centre  of  its  upper  surface  is  a  cavity  of  twenty-one 
centimeters  diameter  and  nine  centimeters  depth.  There  are  ihree  smaller 
cavities  on  the  same  surface.*  The  height  of  the  block  and  the  dimensions 
of  the  cavity  certainly  favor  mj'  view.  Though  I  could  furnish  many 
similar  examples,  I  confine  myself  to  the  one  just  given,  not  wisliing  to 
enlarge  on  a  ([uestion  which  must  be  decided  by  Ein-opean  archifologists. 

•Morlot:  Picrics  il  ficuellcs;  Matdiiaux,  1»>6,  p.  '  ..—This  periodicnl  contains  several  articles 
rolatiiig  to  stones  with  ciivitioH,  which  apparently  I'a      nerved  as  mortars.— 

In  reading  Or.  L.  Zapf's  article  "Die  Muldjnsti  ine  des  l"iclitelgel)ir};e,s"  in  "  Bcitriige  zur  Anthro- 
pologic und  Urgeschichto  Bayerna"  (Bd.  Ill,  S.  W),  I  eoiiUl  not  help  tliinUing  that  the  cavities  descrihcd 
l)y  him  might  he,  in  part  at  least,  the  mortars  in  whicii  i!ic  prehistoric  people  of  that  rffgion  pounded 
fruits  or  cereals. 


V:\ 


60 


Ci;P«IIAl>i:i)  AND  OTIllOU  LAlMDAHfAN  SCULl'TURKS. 


1  can  perceivo,  however,  tliat  their  nomenchiture  in  regard  to  stones  bearing 
cups  anil  larger  cavities  is  not  sufficiently  precise.  The  terms  picrrcs  d 
ecueUi'S  and  picnrs  a  bass'nis  are  indiscriniinateh'  uscnl,  whereas,  in  my 
opinion,  a  i)roper  distinction  between  the  two  chisses  of  cavities  indicated 
by  them  miglit  witii  advantage  be  made. 

Since  my  attention  was  directe<l  to  the  subject  treated  in  these  l)ages, 
I  have  examined  many  representations  of  figures  sculptured  or  painted  on 
rocks  in  the  United  States,  in  order  to  ascertain  whether  tiiere  occur  among 
them  any  designs  aiudogous  to  those  of  tlie  Old  World.  While  engaged 
in  this  investigation,  I  received  from  Dr.  Charles  li.  Stnbbs,  of  Wakefield, 
Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  lithographic  representations  of  a  sculpt- 
ured rock,  called  IJald  Friar  Rock,  in  the  Susquehanna  River,  not  far  from 
its  end)oguement  into  the  Chesapeake  Bay.*  I  discovered  by  means  of 
the  lithographs  that  several  figures  on  that  rock  recall  certain  types  of  the 
lapidarian  sculptures  of  fJreat  Britain,  and  mentioned  the  fact  to  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  Professor  S[)encer  F.  Baird,  who  there- 
upon instructed  Mr.  F.  G.  Galbraith,  of  Lancaster  County,  Pennsylvania,  to 
examine  the  locality  and  to  make  drawings  of  the  figures  in  qnestion.f  His 
report  and  several  communications  from  Dr.  Stubbs  are  embodied  in  the 
followi.^e  account : — 

Bald  i^'riar  Rock  is  situated  in  the  Lower  Susquehanna,  in  Cecil 
County,  Maryland,  and  is  about  three-eighths  of  a  mile  distant  from  Bald 
Friar,  a  station  of  the  Colundjia  and  Port  Dejjosit  Railroad.  Tlie  rock 
stands  nearer  the  eastern  than  the  western  bank  of  the  Susquehanna— here 
three-quarters  of  a  mile  wide— and  its  distance  from  the  mouth  of  the 
river  is  nearly  twelve  miles.  It  rises  fi'om  a  small  island  to  a  height  of 
eight  feet  and  a  few  inches  above  low-water  level,  and  can  be  reached  by 
land  at  very  low  water.  According  to  ^Ir.  Galln-aith's  measurement,  the 
rock  was  originally  seventy-one  feet  long  and  ten  feet  wide;  but  oidy 
sixteen  feet  of  its  eastern  and  seventeen  of  its  western  portion  remain,  tlie 

•ThcHamr  plntcs  illiistrntp  now  tlio  "Second  Ocolojjifnl  Survey  of  rcniiKvlvania"  (Or(ilii};j  of 
LiiiniistiT  C'diinty,  Uariislmi;;,  IHt^O). 

t  Acknowli'd^iiiciila  an-  also  due  to  Dr.  L.  1!.  Kirk,  of  Kisiiij;  Sun,  Cecil  Comity,  Maryland,  for  ii 
vory  good  drawitif;  of  liald  I'riar  Hock,  sent  by  luni  to  tlic  Snii  lisonian  Inst  it  ut  ion,  U  was  ol  great 
n8«  as  a  medium  of  comparison. 


KAV.] 


UOCKSCniil'TlTRES  IN  MAUYLAND. 


61 


centre— tliirty-tsight  feet— having  been  blasted  away  many  ye.irs  ago,  and 
the  stone  nsed  in  the  construction  of  a  shad-fishery.  Hy  this  process  many 
carvings  were  destroyed,  traces  of  which  I\Ir.  (Jaii)raitii  discovered  upon 
fragments  of  rock  scattered  over  the  U[)i)er  end  of  tiie  ishmd.  The  rock 
evidently  was  entirely  covered  with  sculpturings.  A  large  portion  of  its 
northeastern  end  is  lu^sonnng  detached  from  the  main  body,  and  Mill  in 
the  course  of  a  few  }'ears  topple  over  into  the  river,  for  which  reason  Mr. 
Galbraith  was  particularly  anxious  to  trace  all  the  carvings  on  it.  To 
judge  from  a  detached  sculptured  i)iece  sent  by  Mr.  <^ialbraitli  to  tiie  Smith- 
sonian Institutit>n,  the  rock  is  of  a  chloritic  character,  and  conse(pu>ntly 
not  very  hard,  insonmch  that  the  scidpturing  of  the  figures  by  means  of 
pecking  or  punching  with  stone  imj)lements  was  not  a  very  diiKcult  task. 
All  who  have  examined  the  sculptures  agree  as  to  their  very  ancient  a])- 
pearance.  They  are  of  a  heterogeneous  and  peculiar  character,  and  in  many 
respects  unlike  any  rock-cuttings  of  which  I  have  seen  representations. 
There  is,  for  instance,  a  ciuious  cond)ination  of  straight  and  curved  lines, 
forming  a  labjrinthic  figin-e,  which  cannot  be  compared  to  any  known 
object.  In  anotlier  group,  shown  in  Fig.  Ki,  cup-shaped  depressions,  from 
three-eighths  to  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  depth,  are  mingled  with  curiously- 
formed  lines,  tin'  whole  jjroducing  ;i  sendjlance  to  charicters,  which  the 
makers  certainly  vlid  not  intend  to  reprv\sent.  Rows  of  fi.ur,  five  or  more 
parallel,  or  ni-arly  parallel,  lines  are  not  uidrequent,  and  in  one  instance  a 
design  appears  which  has  been  compared  to  a  gridiron.  i'N'veral  of  tim 
figures  resemble  a  plant  with  a  median  stem  aiul  lateral  l)ranches.  Tiie 
most  cons])icn()us  of  these  carvings  happens  to  be  on  the  .slai)  i'orwarded  to 
the  Smithsonian  Institution  by  iMr.  Galbraith,  and  is  Jiere  represented  as 
Fig.  47.  It  measures  two'feet  in  length  and  fifteen  inches  and  a  half  in  its 
largest  width.  The  ci'Utral  stem  of  the  carving  ternnnates  in  a  figure  in 
which  a  lively  imagination  might  discover  a  fruit  or  Hower.  Tiie  incised 
lines  forming  tluf  design  ar(>  shallow,  not  exceeding  one-fourth  or  three- 
eigliths  of  an  inch  in  depth,  on  an  aM'rage  an  inch  wide,  and  be*oKen  just 
such  skill  in  scidpture  as  might  be  expected  from  a  [)riniiti\e  people  iliat 
had  only  tools  of  store  at  its  connnaiid. 

The  northeastern  end  of  the  rock,  the  one  in  danger  of  falling  one  day 


t^mm 


'^^': 


62 


CUP  SHAPED  AND  OTHER  LAPIDARLVN  StiULPTlJllKS, 


into  the  river,  is  represented  by  Fig.  48,  after  a  i)li()tograi)li  kindly  loaned 
to  nio  by  Dr.  Stnbbs.*  It  shc.va  fonr  figures  soniewliat  resembling  human 
faces,  and  four  euneentric  rings  with  a  eui)-shai)e(l  depression  in  the  middle. 
These  circles  aj)pear  foreshortened  in  the  sketch,  but  are  ct)rrectly  repre- 
sented in  Fig.  4!i,  in  one-twelfth  of  the  real  size.  This  type,  as  has  been 
seen,  occurs  frequently  among  the  primitive  lapidarian  sculptures  of  Europe; 
but  hardly  ,iny  ethnic  significance  can  be  ascribed  to  the  presence  of  the 
same  desig.i  on  Hald  Friar  Rock.  It  is  a  form  which,  on  account  of  its 
simpleness  and  regtdarity,  doubtless  suggested  itself  to  nations  who  never 
came  in  contact  with  each  other,  and  who  employed  it  either  as  an  orna- 
ment or  for  some  symbolical  pm-pose.t  Of  far  greater  interest,  on  the  other 
hand,  are  Figures  50  and  51,  carefully  copied  by  Mr.  Galbraith  from  the 
rock  in  the  Susquehanna  River.  Both  consist  of  concentric  rings,  the  outer 
of  which  has  an  appendage  in  the  shape  of  a  long  straight  groove,  a  feature 
which  assimilates  these  carvings  in  a  high  degree  to  types  of  the  Old  World 
heretofore  described,  more  especially  to  Figures  2',),  30,  and  31,  which 
represent  Mahadeos  in  the  Ohandeshwar  temj)le.  Upon  examination,  it 
Avill  be  foiind  that  the  resemblance  is  very  great— indeed  so*  striking,  that 
an  enthusiastic  theorist  might  feel  tempted  to  claim  a  kinship  between  the 
Asiatic  Mahadeo-worshipers  and  those  who  sculptured  the  figures  in  ques- 
tion on  Bald  Friar  Rock.  Yet,  notwithstanding  the  similarity  the  latter 
bear  to  the  Chandeshwar  sculjjtures,  they  may  have  been  intended  to 
express  a  totally  different  idea.  We  must  wait  for  more  convincing  dis- 
closures. 

*  For  f he  sake  of  greater  distiiK'fuoss,  I  liail  llic  carved  figures  oxeciited  iu  black.  Oii  the  upper 
part  of  tlie  rock  are  seen  a  few  single  cups. 

t  Coiieonlrie  circles,  S(  nlpdircd  as  well  as  painted  on  rocks,  were  frequently  seen  by  Major  Powell 
and  Ills  a.ssistants  in  TJtali,  Ari/ovia,  and  New  Mexico.  Many  of  thetn  are  known  to  have  been  executed 
by  till'  aboiiKincs  of  Ibiise  ilislricts.  rurllier  on  it  will  be  seen  lliat  tliey  are  perbapscvcu  now  painted 
on  rocks  iu  the  district  ot  tin'  Klauiatlis  in  Oregon,  and  were  formerly  carved  on  boulders  in  Central 
America.  In  li^Tll  the  Sinilhsonirui  Instilnticui  received  from  Mr.  W.  VV.  Hays  photograiihs  of  paintings 
on  a  rock  iu  San  Luis  Obispo  County,  California.  They  ccuisist  of  liguns  of  a  most  complicated  char- 
acter, among  which  several  concentric  circles  apj/car.  The  colors,  as  Mr.  Hays  states  in  an  aeconi|i.any- 
ing  letter,  are  red,  white,  and  black.  The  locality  is  mentioned  in  liancrofl's  "Nativi-  Races''  (Vol.  IV, 
p.  (i'Jl).  Indeed,  concentric  circles  seem  to  be  nbiquitons.  Tlio  late  Professor  C.  1'.  Hartt  observed 
them  associated  with  a  variety  of  othiT  tignrcs,  iu  dilferent  parts  of  Urazil,  as  shown  by  his  account  in 
(he  "Anurican  Naturalist,"  May,  1H71. 

Among  the  Ojib-vnys  ((inccniric  circles  coustiluted,  according  to  Schoolcraft,  thi'  symbol  of 
time  (Vol.  I,  p.  409;  Piute  OH,  Fig.  07). 


KAii.; 


ROCKSCDU'TUUKS  IN  MARYLAND  AND  AUiZONA. 


03 


A  similar  fiifuro,  consiHting  of  two  concentric  circles  with  a  straif^ht 
line  niiiuin<,'  ont  iVoni  tli«'  larj^cr  circle,  occiu's,  anion<f  other  carviiij^s,  on  ono 
of  the  many  sculptnred  lioulderH  s(hmi  by  Mr.  Harthftt  in  the  valley  of  tho 
(Jila  Hivor,  in  Arizona.  HiH  re])reHentation  of  tiiis  honlder  is  here  eoj)ied 
as  Fig.  52.  "1  fonnd  hundreds  of  the.se  boulders,"  i.e  says,  "covered  with 
rude  figures  of  men,  animals,  and  otlun-  objects  of  grotesque  forms,  idl 
pecked  in  with  a  shar[»  instrument.  Many  of  them,  however,  were  so  much 
defaced  by  louge.xi)osnre  to  the  weather,  and  by  subsequent  nuirkings,  that 
it  was  imjxissible  to  make  them  out.  Among  these  rocks  I  found  several 
which  contained  scul))tnres  on  tlie  lower  side,  in  such  a  position  that  it 
would  be  impossible  to  cut  them  where  they  then  lay.  Some  of  them 
weigh(;d  many  tons,  and  it  would  have  reqnired  inmiense  laljor  to  place 
them  there,  and  that  too  without  an  apparent  object.  The  natural  infer- 
once  was,  tliat  they  had  fallen  down  from  the  summit  of  the  mountain  after 
the  sculptures  were  made  on  them.*  A  few  oidy  seemed  recent;  the  others 
bore  the  marks  of  great  antitjnity. 

"Like  most  of  tho  rude  Indian  sculptures  or  markings  which  I  have 
seen,  I  do  not  think  these  possess  any  historic  value,  as  many  sup])ose. 
Where  an  ingenious  Indian,  for  the  want  of  other  employment,  cuts  a  rude 
figure  of  a  man  or  an  animal  on  a  rock  in  some  prominent  place  which  his 
people  make  it  a  i)ractice  to  resort  to,  oth.ers,  with  the  example  before  them, 
endeavor  to  compete  with  their  brother  artist,  and  show  their  skill  by  sim- 
ilar pockings.  Ono  draws  an  animal  such  as  he  sees ;  another  makes  ono 
according  to  his  own  fancy;  and  a  third  amuses  himself  with  devising  gro- 
tesque or  unmeaning  figures  of  other  sorts.  ITenco  we  find  those  sculptured 
rocks  in  prominent  places." 

Referring  to  the  special  assemldago  to  which  tin;  block  here  figured 
belongs,  he  ob.serves:  — 

"After  cro.ssing  a  plain  for  about  five  miles,  we  reacheil  the  object  of 
our  search,  Avhich  consisted  of  a  ])ile  of  large  boulders,  lieaped  up  some 
forty  or  fifty  feet  above  the  plain,  and  standing  entirely  alone.  Such  of 
those  rocks  as  j)resent  smooth  sides  are  covered  with  sculptures,  rudely 
pecked  in,  of  animals  and  men,  as  well  as  of  various  figures,  apparently 

•Tlie  boulilure  wore  lying  lit  the  linsc  of  ii  blnir. 


G4 


CUI'SIIAIMJ)  AND  OrilKK  LAIMDAHIAN  SC^ULl'TUUES. 


witlioiit  nlenninj,^  'riu'ie  nio  liiimlrt'dH  of  tlioin  ho  oriiaiiu'titcd,  showing 
tliat  the  i)la('(t  lias  loiijf  lu'i'ii  tlio  icHort  of  the  liuUans  for  this  piirpOHo;  for 
thoYo  Hci'iiis  to  bi)  nothiiif,'  else  to  attract  them  liere.  Many  of  the  inscrij)- 
tions,  like  those  before  (k'scribed,  bear  the  Htainp  of  jfreat  age;  others 
having  been  made  over  them  repeatedly,  render  it  impossible  to  traeo  out 
either  the  early  or  the  later  markings. 1  do  not  attempt  any  explana- 
tion of  these  rude  figiu-es,  but  must  leave  the  reader  to  exercise  his  own 
ingenuity  in  finding  out  their  meaning,  if  any."* 

Mr.  IJartlett  |)resents  delineations  of  eleven  of  these  blocks,  thus  enabling 
the  reader  to  become  acquainted  with  the  character  of  the  8cul|)tures  upon 
them.  I  hardly  can  imagine  that  the  latter  should  bo  absolutely  without 
some  meaning,  though  they  may  not  express  anything  like  a  detinite  record. 
I  lay  no  great  stress  on  the  presence  of  a  Mahadeo-like  carving  on  the 
boulder  represented  by  Fig.  b2  ;  but  I  thought  it  proper  to  draw  attention 
n  it. 

A  similar  motive  induces  me  to  present  in  Fig.  i'i  the  design  of  a  por- 
tion of  a  group  curved  on  a  cliiT  in  the  Ban  Pete  Valley,  at  the  city  of 
lilanti,  Utah.  A  lino  drawn  horizontally  through  the  middle  of  the  parallel 
lines  connecting  the  concentric  circles  would  divide  the  figure  into  two 
halves,  each  bearing  a  close  resendjlance  to  Professor  Simpson's  fifth  type 
in  Fig.  1  of  this  treatise.  A  copy  of  the  group  in  (piestion  was  made  and 
published  by  the  ill-fated  Lieutenant  J.  W.  Gunnison,  who  also  informs  us 
that  the  Mormon  leaders  made  this  aboriginal  inscription  subservient  to 
their  n-ligious  liocus-pocus  by  giving  the  following  trai>lation  of  it:  "I, 
Mahanti,  the  second  King  of  the  Lamanites,  in  five  valh  ys  in  the  mount- 
ains, make  this  record  in  the  twelve-hundredth  year  since  we  came  out  of 
Jerusalem — And  I  have  three  sons  gone  to  the  south  country  to  live  by 
hunting  antelope  and  deer.''t  'J'ruly,  mioidiis  vult  (kc'qti!  Schoolcraft 
attempts  (Vol.  Ill,  p.  4114)  something  like  an  interpretation,  which  appears 
to  me  fanciful  and  unsatisfactory. 

*  Barfli'tt :  Pcrson.il  Narrative,  etc. ;  Vol.  II,  pp.  195,  206. 

t  (iiinnisori :  The  Mormons  or  l.attorDrtV  Saints,  otc. ;  Phila<U'lpliia,  1^53,  p.  (13.— The  illuHtration 
is  taliin  from  liaiicrolt's  "\ative  Kacen"  (Vol.  IV,  p.  717).  I  havo  chanKi-l,  however,  in  aecordance 
with  Lieutenant  Guuuison'H  (leaigu,  the  position  of  the  grotesque  hnmun  fignrc  to  the  left  of  the  con- 
centric cireltH. 


liAii  KOtK  MAUKlNdH  IN  ARIZONA,  UTAH,  AND  <>|{K(1()N. 


(55 


Amoiifr  tlio  Klainiitli  IiuliiiiiH  in  On-jroji,  it  Ht'civiH,  tli»'  jmicficc  of  piiiiit- 
111^  (Ijriii'cs  Oil  rocks  liji.s  not  yet  ciitirclx  i^onc  into  (Umisc.  'I'liroii^ili  tlio 
nuiliiitioii  ol'  Mr.  A  11)1  it  S.  (Jiitsclict  1  ivccivcd  t'roni  Dr.  .JmiicH  S.  Dciiison, 
jtliyHi'iiin  iit  tln^  Kiiinmtli  A^ciu}',  Liilvo  ('ount}',  Dn-jron,  a  (•oiMnuini<'iitioii 
rclntivo  to  tin-  snhjcct.  Acconliiif^'  to  my  coiTcspondcnt,  tin  re  iirc  in  tliat 
ncMglilxirliood  nmny  i-ocKh  l)oarin;,''  painted  ii<rnro,s  ;  hut  lii.><  dcsciiption  nl'cis 
Hiu'ciaiiy  to  a  njiij^l*'  rock,  called  Kln-i  'I'liiidlcslii  (sfjiiidiiij;-  rock),  .situated 
ahoiit  fifty  ynrds  north  of  Spra^'iu;  Kiver,  and  one  Inindnil  and  fifty  \ards 
from  the  junction  of  S|)ra<,'iie  and  Williainson  Uiver.s.  it  is  ahoiit  ti'ii  feet 
lii^di,  fourteen  feet  lon<f,  and  twelve  or  fourteen  feet  deep,  'riu!  atu-ompa- 
nyin},^  Fif^ures  f)4,  5.0,  Alj,  and  57,  all  drawn  in  oiie-twelftli  of  the  natural 
size,  after  Dr.  Deiiison'H  copies,  illustrate  th(^  chaiactcr  of  tlio  paintings  seen 
on  the  sniootli  sontherii  surface  of  this  roek.  '^i'lie  most  frecpient  designs 
are  single  or  conceiiti'ic  circles,  like  Fig.  54,  whi<'h  consists  of  a  dark-red 
circle  surrounded  hy  a  white  one,  the  centre  heiiig  formed  hy  a  red  round 
spot.  Fig.  55,  ])ainted  in  dark-red  ami  white  colors,  e.xhiltits  a  somewhat 
Mahadeo-like  shape;  the  straight  apjX'iidage  of  the  circle  is  pro\ided  <tn 
each  side  with  short  proj(ictiiig  lines,  alternately  nd  and  white,  and  almost 
producing  the  effect  of  the  .so-called  herring-bone  ornament.  Figures  50 
and  57,  executed  in  dark-red  color,  an;  other  characteristic  designs  seen  on 
the  rock  in  (jiiestion.  Tlu'  colors,  which,  as  my  informant  thinks,  are  rubbed 
on  with  grejise,  appear  (piite  distinct  on  the  dark  surface  of  the  rock. 

"  I  have  conver.sed,"  he  says,  "with  all  the  leading  men  and  women  of 
the  tribe  about  these  pictures  and  others  in  the  neighborhood ;  but  none  of 
them  know,  so  they  .say,  when  and  how  they  wen^  made.  It  is,  however, 
the  generally-received  opinion  tiiat  ICDinhanduli,  the  Creator*,  j)ainted  tlieui 
himself  when  he  made  this  country.  "^I'lie  oldest  peo|)l(;  say  that  tlicy  were 
there  when  they  were  yonng,  and  that  the  oldest  people  tcdd  them  that  tlusy 
were  there  whciii  fhrii  were  young,  and  so  on.  There  are  many  rocks  with 
j)ictuies  on  them  all  over  this  country.  These  places  are  all  sacred,  and 
there  are  many  legends  concerning  them.  (Children  are  taught  not  to 
iiijuie  or  deface  the  pictures.  Jfy  own  o])inion  is,  that  these  pictures  have 
no  more  definite  meaning  than  those  made  by  children  without  any  design; 

*  "  Tlio  Olil  Man  of  Our  I'orifallii'iK,"  a<i(>i<lhiK  tii  Mr.  A.  S.  G.'itsiliet.      ■• 
5  L  S 


'.  lifl 


J 


,.  I 


6G 


CUP-SnArED  AND  OTHER  LAPIDAI-.AN  SCULPTURES. 


that  tlioy  last  perhaps  for  ages  unimpaired;  but  that,  Avhen  they  do  got  dim, 
tliere  is  always  some  enterprising;  doetor  ready  to  brighten  them  up,  and, 
pcrluips,  to  execute  new  designs.  One  can  see  blotches  on  the  rocks  which 
are  very  dim,  but  look  as  tliough  they  had  been  figures.  The  pictures  arc 
not  criticall',  examined  bv  the  Indians,  and  as  no  one  sees  the  man  making 
tliem,  it  is  .  asy  to  claim  that  they  have  always  existed ;  for  Indians,  like 
wliites,  have  no  objection  to  pious  frauds  and  lies.  They  are  such  liars 
thixt  it  is  hard  work  to  find  out  even  tlie  h^gends  concerning  the  places. 
'I'hey  either  change  them  to  make  them  like  something  tliey  have  h'.'ard  of 
as  being  mentioned  in  the  Bi])le,  or  leave  out  a  part,  insonuu-h  that  one  can 
hardly  find  two  Avho  relate  the  same  story  in  the  same  way." 

Such  are  Dr.  Denison's  remarks,  complimentary  neither  to  Indians  nor 
to  whites,  lie  then  gives  a  Klamath  tradition  relating  to  K'nn'dcamtsh, 
wdii(di  I  deem  it  unnecessary  to  insert,  as  it  has  no  reference  to  the  rock- 
painti.igs  just  described. 


CENTRAL  AMERICA. 

Lastly,  I  will  draw  attention  to  the  curious  rock-sculptures  whi(di 
Dr.  Berthohl  Seemann,  the  distil. guished  l)otanist,  e.v.imined  in  Chiriqui,  in 
the  State  of  Panama,  United  States  of  Colombia,  and  in  wliidi  lie  discovers 
a  great  resemblance  to  those  of  No.-thumbv  rland,  Scotland,  and  other  parts 
of  Great  Ih-itain.  Alter  some  prelinunar}-  remarks,  of  no  particular  interest 
to  tJie  reader  who  has  thus  far  followed  me,  he  contiinies: — 

"  It  is,  therefore,  all  the  more  singular  tliat,  thousands  of  miles  away, 
in  a  remote  corner  of  tropical  America,  we  .should  find  the  coticentric  rings 
and  several  other  cliaracters  typically  identical  with  those  engraved  on  the 
British  rocks.  I  discovered  them  near  the  town  of  David,  in  ('liiri(pii,  in  the 
s])ring  of  184S,  and  read  a  paper  on  the  subject  before  the  Andia'ological 
Institute,  shortly  after  my  rciturn  to  London  in  18;")!.  A  brief  account  of  it, 
was  gi\('u  in  my  'Narrative  of  the  Voyage  of  II.  ^L  S.  Herald'  (Vol.  I,  ]). 
312,  London,  1853),  but  the  drawings  illustrating  them  were  uni'ortiinalely 


m 

Hi 


r.Aii.i 


EOCK  SClTLrTTlKES  TN  OIIIRIQTTI. 


G7 


omitted,  the  pu])lislier  oltjectiiifr  to  tlioin  on  account  of  tlio  oxponso;  but 
soma  of  them  were  afterward  i)i'»cc'd  l)y  mo  at  the  disposal  of  Mr.  Bolluert, 
and  published  l)y  that  {^eutleinan  in  liis  '  Anticputiea,  etc  ,  of  South  America, 
(London,  18G0),  whilst  others  have  i)een,  it  is  feared,  entirely  lost,  especially 
those  which  would  h:'  re  established  the  identity  of  the  British  and  Chiricpii 
inscriptions  beyond  doubt  in  the  minds  of  others.  For  my  own  part,  I  was 
sonuich  struck  with  thofrcncral  resombhince,  not  to  say  identity,  of  the  two, 
that  when  the  jdatts  of  Mr.  Tate's  work  were  first  shown  to  me,  and  I  was 
quite  ignorant  to  wliat  country  they  related,  I  fully  believed  them  to  rep- 
resent Chiriqui  rock-inscriptions,  l^en  from  the  drawings  1  still  retain  of 
a  Chiriqui  rock  I  am  able  to  pick  out  some  of  the  nu)st  ty[)ical  characters 
fouiid  on  th(>  Ih-itish  rocks,  as  the  accompanying  diagrams — here  Fig.  58 — 


wil 


snow. 


The  characters  inCliiricpii  are,  liki'  tho.so  of  Great  Britain,  incised  on 
large  stones,  the  surface  of  which  has  not  previou.sly  undergone  any  snu)oth- 
iiig  process.  The  incised  stones  occur  in  a  disti'ict  of  Veraguas  (Chiriqui 
or  Alanjci),  which  is  now  tliiidy  inha1)ited,  but  which,  judging  from  tho 
numerous  t.()nd)s,  was  onco  densely  })eopled  by  a  nation  whicli  l)ee.une 
known  to  Columbus  in  his  fourth  vojage  of  disco\ ery,  manul'actured  some 
elegautU -shaped  pottery,  wore  ornaments  made  of  gold  of  a  low  standard, 
called  qitanin,  and  buried  their  derd  in  stone  cists,  accdinpanied  )jy  their 
weapons,  ornaments,  pottery,  and  othi^r  houseliold  articles.! 

'Tlio  ixplaiiutiouR  actoniimn.viiig  Fig.  58  aiv  likcwiso  Dr.  Sciinaiin'H. 

t  Dr.  Si'Ciuinin  adils  lii'ir  tlir  t'oHdwiiilt  noli':  '  'I  liis  ^i■l'v  saiiic  lin)|)li',  Hiipirosrcl  to  liavo  licrn  tli(" 
Dnriirlins  or  Dora /t  I  Ill's,  liail  also  iikhIo  consitli  rablr.  jiro^^n-ss  in  sculpturing  col  tiinns.  ami  placini;  on  Itioin 
raisoil  I'liaraclors.  Sovcral  of  tln'si'  colnnins,  aliout  lin  to  Iwclvi'  iVi'l  Ion;;,  won'  KnocKinK  alioni  llio 
Htrci^ta  of  David,  tho  capital  of  Alanji',  or  ('liiriipii.  dnrinc  my  visit  in  ISls,  and  nnndicrs  arc  said  to 
oocnr  in  other  places,  li.'iiscd  cliaraclcrs  rccpiirc,  of  I'oursc,  more  artistic  sUill  than  incised  ones,  and 
hence  di'not<' a  lil;;her  chfine  ol  civili;'.;tlion.  U',  therefore,  tin'  people  who  reaililv  enfxraved  their 
thonnUts  on  the  iiicilm  jihilnl,  and  oilier  stones  of  which  il  is  the  tyiie,  are  assnmed  to  have  lieen  llie 
Kiinii'  as  those  who  cx|ircssed  them  in  r.iiscd  eharaeleis  on  the  colnnins  of  which  1  saw  speelniens  at 
David,  a  lonn  iicriod  niiisl  have  elapsed  hefore  tools  conld  lie  hronehl  to  such  perfection  an  to  allow  tlio 
cmploynienl  of  inscriptions  in  relief.  l!nt  there  is  no  idenlilyof,  orevcn  di.'4tnnt  reseinhlancc  lyetwi'eii, 
the  incised  and  rai  U'd  characters,  and  we  need,  therefore,  not  tl'onlile  oiirselvi'S  any  fiirihcr  aiioiil  this 
i.mint.  The  identity  of  the  two  li"inj;  ahandoni'd,  it  may  Jnst  tie  worth  while  to  consider  the  possiliiliiy 
of  their  licin;;  exei'iited  liy  conlei.iporarics.  In  highly  civili/ed  coiintrii's,  such  as  ancient  India,  IOf;v|il, 
aia!  modern  Europe,  dilVerent  nn  des  of  expri'ssinf;  thoiiehl  liavc  lieen  .'inil  are  praetiscd;  lint  llie  most 
advani'cd  iieople  who  ever  inhahiled  ('hirii|iii  had  not  at  t. 'lined  mi  lii^;!i  a  de};rei'  of  civili/atioM  as  would 
jiislify  lis  in  asBiimin^;  that  they  rcsoiled  to  two  entiri'ly  dill'en  nl  systems  of  reeoriliiij;  llii'ir  ideas.  If 
iH.  thcrefori',  scarcely  possilde  to  escape  thi'  com  Insioii  that  the  imiseil  charactirs  were  hy  a  dilierciil, 
letM  eivili/.oil,  and  more  ainienl  race  than  Ihe  cliaiactcrH  iu  reliel'.' 


1^^ 


68 


cursuAPEi)  aj;d  otiieu  lai-idahian  sculptuees. 


•1! 


"From  information  rocoivod  during  my  two  visits  to  Chiriqui,  and 
from  wliat  lias  been  publislii'd  since  I  iirst  drew  attention  to  this  subject,  I 
am  led  to  believe  that  there  are  a  great  nniny  inscribed  rocks  in  that  dis- 
trict. But  I  myself  have  seen  only  one,  the  now  i'iwnons  jiicdra  jjiiital  (i.e. 
painted  stone),  which  is  found  on  a  ])laiii  at  Caldera,  a  few  leagues  from 
the  town  of  David.  It  is  lifteen  feet  high,  nearly  lifty  feet  in  circumference, 
and  rather  tiat  on  the  top.  Every  part,  especially  the  eastern  side,  is  cov- 
ered with  incised  characters  about  an  inch  or  half  an  inch  deep.  The  tirst 
figure  on  tlK>  left-hand  side  rcjiresents  a  radiant  sun,  followed  by  a  series 
of  heads,  or  what  appear  to  be  heads,  all  with  some  variation.  It  is  these 
heads,  particularly  the  appendages  (perhaps  intended  for  hair?),  which 
show  a  certain  resemblance  to  one  of  the  most  curious  characters  found  on 
the  British  rocks  {2b  in  Fig.  58),  and  calling  to  mind  the  so-called  'Ogliam 
chai-^cters.'  Those  'heads'  are  succeeded  by  scorpion  like,  or  Ijranchcd, 
and  other  fantastic  iigures.  The  toj)  of  the  stone,  and  the  other  sides,  are 
covered  with  a  great  number  of  concentric  rings  and  ovals,  crossed  bv  lines. 
It  is  especially  these  which  bear  so  striking  a  resemblance  to  the  Northum- 
brian characters. 

"Synnnetry  Ijeing  the  first  aim  of  barbarous  nations  in  their  attempt 
at  ornamentation,  I  have  alwavs  rejected  t;.e  iilea  that  these  ti<nires  are 
intendecl  for  mere  ornament,  and  have  taken  them  to  be  sj-mbols  full  of 
meaning,  and  recording  ideas  held  to  be  of  vital  importance  to  the  people 
who  used  them,  and  whose  ^■ery  name  has  become  a  matter  of  doul^t. 
However,  to  speculate  on  their  meaning  must  be  labor  thrown  awav,  until 
we  shall  have  become  acquainted  wiih  all  tlie  inscrij)tions,  of  which  tho.se 
on  the  j.ieifra  jiiiital  are  specimens. 

"At  present  •  j  can  hardly  say  more  than  that  there  is  a  remarkalde 
family  likeness,  if  nothing  more,  between  the  ancient  British  and  ('hiri(iui 
inscriptions, — a  relationship  entirely  unsusjiected  by  mo  until  Mr.  'i'ate's 
remarkable  work  fell  into  my  hands.  Could  an  klriitit//  between  these 
rocks,  so  widely  separateil  geograjihically,  be  establisiied,  we  should  lie  in 
a  position  to  indulge  in  legitimate  sj)ecnlation.  We  should  have  to  con- 
cede— 1  .say  it  without  hesitation — that,  in  prehistoric  times,  an  intercourse 
existc'd  between  the   British  Islands  and  Central  .Vnierica  ;   that  tiiis  inter- 


KAU.) 


ROCK-SCULPTUKEa  IN  CrUKIQUI. 


69 


course  could  not  be  niiiiiitainetl  by  the  small  crafts  which  so  rude  a  ci\  iliza- 
tion  could  send  across  the  wide  Atlantic  Ocean;  that  a  land  connnnnication 
was  abs()lutol\-  necessary  to  ensure  such  an  intercourse ;  that  it  could  iu>t 
liave  been  cari'ied  on  by  way  of  Asia  without  leav!nj>'  numerous  traces 
oeliind;  that  no  such  truces  have  been  found ;  and  tliat,  consequently,  it 
must  have  taken  place  when  the  Island  of  Atlantis — in  the  hands  of  modern 
science  no  longer  an  Egyptian  myth — w«s  so  intimately  coimecting  Europe 
and  America ;  that  the  woods,  which  then  covered  Europe,  were  identical 
in  charac'ter  with  those  stiU  ex'istlnfj  in  the  southern  })arts  of  North  Anu'ricu. 
But  before  science  can  concede  conclusions  of  these,  or  similar,  speculations, 
we  want  more  facts,  which,  it  is  hoped,  ma}'  be  forthcoming  now  that  it  has 
been  shown  what  great  interest  attaches  to  them."* 

Leaving  aside  Dr.  Seemann's  far-reaching  sj)cculations,  I  must  confess 
that  1  caiuiot  share  his  enthusiasm  in  the  matter  of  the  Chiriqui  rock-sculp- 
ture described  l)y  him.  Being  in  possession  of  Mr.  Bollaert's  work  which 
c  »ntains  Dr.  Seemann's  representation  of  the  phdra  p'uital,  I  was  ena1)l(;d 
to  compare  the  sculptures  on  the  latter  with  those  figured  by  Messrs.  Tate 
Riul  Simpson,  "^^riiat  there  is  a  general  resendjlance  l)etween  the  Northum- 
brian and  Scottish  and  the  Chiriqui  sculptures  camK>t  be  denied:  but  I  can 
discover  no  figures  on  the  pialra  p'udal  whicli  are  identical  in  shape  with 
European  lapidarian  scul]itures,  excepting  concentric  circles  and  a  few 
carvings  resembling  wheels  with  four  spokes.  Simple  devices  like  these, 
when  found  in  difiereut  countries,  are  no  proof  of  the  ethnic  affinity  of 
those  who  executed  them,  but  may  rather  be  considered  as  'he  result  of 
independent  invention.  It  requires  a  far  greater  an.dog^■  in  iletails  to 
establish  an  ab.sohite  identity. 

However,  it  would  be  interesting  to  know  the  character  of  other  Ciiiri- 
qni  rock-sculjitures,  which,  according  to  Dr.  Seeniann,  arc  (piifc  fre(pient 
in  that  district. 


I 


*  Pirn  and  Sccmauu  :  Duttinga  on  the  Rondaidc,  in  Pananiii,  Ni(  aragiiu,  and  JluMiiiito  :  Lomliin, 
l^Oit,  p.  ',7,  etc. 


F^RT    III. 

VIEWS  CONCERNING  THE   SIGNIFICANCE  OF  CUP-SITAPED 
AND  OTHER  TRIMITIVE  SCULPTURES. 


Ill 


111  a  preceding  section,  of  this  essay  I  have  described  the  eupiicd 
granite  boidder,  called  the  liiilder  Stone,  near  Falkiipiiig,  Sweden.  As 
stated,  it  was  first  brought  into  notice  by  Professor  Nilsson,  who  thinks  it 
served  in  the  worship  of  Baal  as  a  sacriii''ial  altar,  the  cuj)-slia])ed  cavities 
of  which  weni  dcisigned  to  receive  the  blood  of  victims.  The  ciijis  on  the 
WilU'ara  slab  (Fig.  23),  he  believes,  were  excavated  for  the  same  i)urpose. 
We  have  al.-^o  seen  that  he  ascribes  the  introduction  of  limiize  in  the  North 
of  Europe  to  Baal-worsliii)ing  Phoenicians,  who,  according  to  his  view,  liad 
established  factories  oi  settlements  in  those  parts,  for  the  purpose  of  trading 
with  the  natives.  Tie  considers  the  sculjitured  concentric  circles  in  general 
as  emblematic  of  sun  (or  Baal)-worship,  drawing  at  the  same  time  atten- 
tion to  their  similarity  to  ornaments  seen  on  weapons  and  other  ol)jects  of 
the  bronze  ajie  and  even  of  the  early  inm  age.  In  order  to  show  bv  what 
mode  of  reasoning  Professor  Nilsson  was  led  ti)  these  conclu.'^ioiis,  it  will 
be  necessarv  to  devote  some  space  to  a  consideration  df  his  remarkalde 
work  on  the  bronze  age,  in  which  his  views  are  laid  down.  Yet,  if  I  were 
to  irive  a  resume  of  its  contents,  and  comments  thereon,  I  would  enter 
upon  a  task  most  ably  perfnrmed  by  Sir  John  Lubbock,  and  I  therefore 
(piote  his  conci.-^e  observations  in  full: — 

"  Profcss(tr  Nilsscai's  arguments,"  he  says,  "may  be  redviced  to  seven, 
naiiielv,  the  small  size  of  the;  sword-haudles,  bracelets,  (itc. ;  the  churacter 
of  the  onianieiits  on  the  bronze  innilemeiits ;  the  engravings  in  bronze-age 
tumuli;  ihi-  worship  of  IJaal ;  certain  peculiar  nu'thods  of  reajiing  and 
fishing;  and  the  use  t»f  war-chariots. 

71 


72 


CUP-SllAl'I::!)  AND  OTIIEU  LAl'lUAlllAX  SCir  LPT  HUES. 


"  'Vhe  inipltMiieiita  sind  ornaiiionts  of  liroiizo  certainly  appoiir  to  liavo 
Ix'loiigi'il  to  a  race  with  smaller  liaiulfi  than  those  of  the  present  Euroj)eau 
nations;  the  ornaments  on  tliem  are  also  peculiar,  ami  lutve,  in  Professor 
Nilsson's  opinion,  a  symholic  nieanin<;-.  Although  the  great  stones  in  tunnili 
attributed  to  the  bron-^e  age  ar(>  very  seldom  ornamented,  or  even  hewn  into 
shape  still  ther-^  ave  some  i'vw  exceptions;  one  of  these  being  the  remark- 
able monument  near  Kivik  in  Christianstad.  From  the  general  character 
of  tlui  engravings  Professor  Nilssonhas  no  hesitation  in  referring  this 
tinn\ilus  to  the  bronze  age,  and  on  two  of  the  stones  are  rei)resentations  of 
human  iigures,  wdiich  may  fairly  be  said  to  have  a  Phtx'nician  or  Egyptian 
appearance. 

"On  aiiotlier  of  the  stones  an  obelisk  is  represented,  which  Professor 
Nilsson  regards  as  syml)olical  of  the  sun-god ;  *  and  it  is  (-ertainly  remark- 
able that  in  an  ancient  ruin  in  JIalta,  characterized  by  other  decorations  of 
the  bronze-ag(!  types,  a  somewhat  similar  obelisk  av.  s  discovered;  we 
know  also  that  in  many  countries  Baal,  the  god  of  the  Pha'nici;ins,  was 
worshiped  under  the  form  of  a  conical  stone. 

"  Nor  Is  this,  by  any  means,  the  only  case  in  which  Professor  Nilsson 
linds  traces  of  Baal-wor.shii)  in  Scandinavia.  Indeed,  the  festival  of  Baal,  or 
Balder,  was,  he  tells  us,  celebrated  on  Jlidsunnner's-niglit  in  Scania,  and  far 
u\^  in  Norway,  almost  to  the  LofFoden  Islands,  luitil  within  the  last  fifty 
\ears.  A  wood  lire  was  made  upon  a  hill  or  mountain,  and  the  people  of 
the  neighborhood  gathered  together,  in  (M-dt/r,  like  P)aars  pi-ophets  of  old,  to 
daiu'o  round  it,  shouting  and  singing.  TIum  Midsununer's-night  hre  has 
even  retained  in  somi^  parts  the  ancient  name  of  '  Baldersbal',  or  Balder's 
tire.  Leopold  \  nn  \>uc]i  long  ago  snggesteil  that  tlii.s  custom  could  not  have 
originated  in  a  country  where  at  Slidsummer  the  sua  is  never  lost  sight  of, 
and  where,  consecjuently,  the  smoke  only,  not  the  (ire,  is  visible.  A  similar 
custom  also  prevailed  until  lately  in  some  parts  of  our  island.*?.  Baal  has 
given  his  name  to  many  Scandlnasian  localities,  as,  for  instance,  the  Baltic, 
the  (Ireat  and   Little  I')elt,  Belteberga,  Baleshaugen,  Balestr.Jiden,  etc. 

"The  ornamentation  characteristic  of  the  bronze  age  is,  in  tiie  opinion 
of  Professor  Nilsson,  decidedly  Seniitic   i-atlier  tli:in    Tudo-Liiropenn.      lie 

'  .Si'c  I'i^;.   M  111   llii>  pill  ill.  alii  111. 


HAU.l 


NILBSON'S  TIIKOHY. 


73 


lays  considerable  stress  on  two  curious  vasfc-carriagea,  one  found  in  Sweden 
and  tl)(i  other  in  Mccklcnburfj;-,  wliicli  certiiinly  a])i)('i)r  to  liave  l)ecn  very 
lik(!  file  'vases'  niade  for  Solomon's  temple,  and  dL'seriljed  in  the  iirst  Hook 
of  Kini;s.  Finally,  he  beheves  that  the  use  of  war-chariots,  the  practice  of 
reaping  dose  to  the  ear,  and  a  certain  method  of  iishing,  are  all  evidences 
of  l'h(enician  intercourse. 

"  Professor  Nilsson  is  so  great  an  authority,  as  an  archieologist  his 
labors  have  contributed  so  much  to  place  tiie  science  on  a  sound  basis,  that 
his  opinions  are  deserving  of  the  most  carefid  consideration.  Nor  can  they 
fairly  be  judged  by  the  very  short  abstract  which  has  been  given  above,  as 
many  of  his  arguments  nuist  be  followed  in  detail  befon;  they  can  be  prop- 
erly appreciated.  That  the  Pli(enicians  liav(;  left  their  traites  in  Norway  is, 
however,  in  my  opini(jn,  all  tliat  can  fairly  be  ileilwced  from  the  facts  on 
which  lie  relies,  eve.i  if  we  attribute  to  them  all  the  signilicance  claimed  for 
them  by  him.  Further  evidence  is  required  In-fore  it  would  be  safe  to  con- 
nect them  with  the  bronze  age.  As  regards  the  smallness  of  the  hands,  we 
nuist  remember  that  Hindoos  share  this  jieculiarity  with  Egy|)tiaus.  This 
character  is  therefore  not  less  reconcilable  with  an  Indo-Kuropean  than 
Avith  a  I'licenician  origin  of  the. bronze-age  civilization. 

"There  are  three  .strong  objections  to  tlie  theory  so  ablj' advocated 
by  Professor  Nilsson.  The  tirst  is  the  character  of  the  ornamentation  on 
the  br(»nze  weapons  and  im])lements.  This  almost  always  consists  of  geo- 
metrical iigures,  and  w(;  rarely,  if  ever,  find  u[)on  them  representations  of 
animals  or  plants;  while  on  the  ornamented  shields,  etc,,  described  by 
Homer,  as  well  as  in  the  decoration  of  Solomon's  temple,  luiinials  and 
plants  wt're  altundantiy  represented.  Secondly,  tiie  burial-customs  of 
the  PlKcnicians  dilfered  altogether  iVom  those  of  the  bronze  age,  and 
although  it  may  be  said  tiiat  tlio.se  who  attribute  the  presence  of  In'oiizo  in 
Northern  and  Western  Eiu'ope  to  Pluenician  coiiuncrce,  do  not  necessarily, 
on  that  account,  assume  that  the  population  of  those  countries  liecame  Phee- 
nician,  still  in  this  case  the  hypothesis  explains  the  presence  of  bronze,  but 
not  the  liroiize  age,  of  which  th(j  use  of  lironze,  though  the  most  striking, 
is  bv  no  means  the  only  characteristic.  Thirdly,  the  Ph(enicians,  as  far  as 
we  know  them,  were  well  ac(piainted  with  the  use  ol'  iron;   in    Homer  we 


14. 


OUP  SUAPED  AND  OTUEU  LAPlDAltlAN  SCULPTUUES. 


find  tlio  warriors  already  armed  with  iron  wea))c»ns,*  and  the  tools  used  in 
propurinj;;  the  materials  for  Solomon's  temple  were  ot'lhis  metal  It  is  very 
remarkable  that  searecly  any  traces  of  ancient  conuneree  have  been  found 
in  Cornwall,  and  it  is  nuicli  to  be  regretted  that  our  nuiseums  possess  so 
i'iiw  specimens  of  Pha'iiician  art.  When  these  wants  shall  have  been  sup- 
plied, as  we  may  hope  that  ere  long-  they  will  be,  there  is  no  doubt  that 
much  light  will  be  thrown  on  the  subject."! 

Professor  Nilsson,  T  may  add,  finds  distinct  traces  ol  the  Phaiiicians 
in  Ireland,  Avliich  country  lie  visited  in  18G0,  with  a  view  to  examine  its 
anti(juities.  lie  ascribes  to  that  entca-prising  people  the  cairns  of  Dowth 
and  New  Grange,  the  chambers  of  which  show  sculptured  figures  (zigzags, 
wheels  with  four  spokes,  etc.)  resembling  those  on  the  slabs  of  tlie  Kivik 
monument.  He  lays  particular  stress  on  the  fact  that  the  custom  of  lighting 
a  Midsummer's-night  fire,  and  of  dancing  around  or  jumjiing  through  it,  was 
still  in  vogue  among  the  Irish  vuitil  within  a  recent  period.  'I'ljis  ceremony, 
called  Dalstelii  l)y  the  people,  has  been  alx)lished  through  tlie  efibrts  of  the 
clergy,  who  were  desirous  of  putting  an  end  to  the  excesses  arising  from 
the  iiractice.J  'i'lie  structures  of  Avebury  and  Stonehenge,  in  Wiltshire, 
England,  I  may  further  state,  are  considered  by  Professor  Nilsson  as  tem- 

"  Thii'o  is  rc]iciiUMlly  rclVri'iico  iiiiido  to  iniii  in  tlio  IlnnuTio  poi'iiw  (II.  IV,  4ri'J ;  V,  *»'•,' ;  XXIII,  K'X, 
oti'.),  ami  (!Vcii  tho  hiirdiiiini;  i\(  irim  liy  iiiinicrsiDii  in  walrr  i.s  alliMlcd  (d  (Oil.  IX,  li'.U).  Iriin  is  also 
iiirnlidiii'il  by  llonicr  in  connection  willi  more  prccions  metals,  a  circinnslancc  inilicalivi!  of  the  valne  in 
which  it  was  held.  Thus,  bronze,  gold,  an<l  '•innch-workod"  iron — ^(V.l^OJ'  rf  ,if/jrooj'  Tf,  iruAix/ii/rui' 
TF  (5/>5;/^joi'— eonslilnled  the  treasnn'  of  UlyHses(Oil.  XIV,  li'J-l).  Vet  spears,  swonl.s,  and  other  \vea|ions 
used  dnrini;  the  Trojan  war  are  ile,seril)eil  as  lieinfj  made  of  lironze. 

Dr.  Schlieniaim,  however,  hasairived  at  dill'i  rent  results.  In  an  address  d(divered  at  tlii^  Kli'venlh 
Annual  Mc'elini;  of  the  f!erman  Antluojiological  .Society,  held  at  I?erliu  in  Anjjust,  16S(t,  lie  expresscB 
himself  as  follows  :— 

■'  I  wish  it  were  in  my  power  to  prove  that  Homer  was  an  eyi'-witnessof  the  Trojan  war.  I'nl'oitu- 
nately  I  cannot.  In  his  time  swords  wen.;  in  general  nsi^  and  iron  was  known ;  at  Troy  swords  were  as 
yet  lolally  unliiiown,  and  the  iieople  had  no  Unowled};e  of  iron.  The  eivilizaliini  descrihcd  liy  him  post- 
dates several  centuries  thai  which  was  hroui;ht  to  lij;ht  by  my  excavations.  Homer  gives  us  the  legend 
of  Ilicm's  tragic  fate  as  it  was  transmitted  to  him  by  fornu'r  lianls,  and,  in  doing  so,  he  clothes  the  tradi- 
tion of  I  111'  w;ir  and  the  deslruclion  of  Troy  in  the  g.irb  of  his  own  time.  Vi't  he  was  not  wilhoul  per- 
sonal knowledge  of  lli(>  localities,  as  his  descriptions  (d'  the  Troas  in  general,  and  of  the  plain  of  Troy  in 
particular,  are  in  the  main  correct.'' — Xnlihij  ('.  Hiiii. 

tSir.Iohn  laibbock:  Prehistoriir  Times;  New  York,  IHT'J,  ]<.  71,  etc. 

t  .Mr.  Ilolden,  of  tlio  well-known  linn  Harvey  &  Holdeii,  cd'  this  city,  told  me  that,  in  his  boy- 
hood, he  used  to  assist  in  collect iiig  till!  wood  for  these  tiros  and  in  building  llnin.  I  obt.'iiiied  similar 
infoniiatiou  from  other  natives  of  Ireland.  However,  the  custom  of  lighting  tires  mi  Saint  .John's  ovo 
also  prevailed,  ami  still  survives  to  .some  extent,  in  (Jermany,  I'ranei'.  and  oilier  p.'irls  id'  the  ljiio|>can 
Continent. 


ItAlI.) 


NIL.SSON'S  TIIKDKY— VIHWS  OK  OTIII'.lt  AliTllOKS. 


pics  erected  l)y  tlie  I'lianiicians,  aiul  dcdictited  to  the  worship  oi'  tli<(  .suu- 

Nilsson's  riKJL'iiiciim  theory  has  hec'n  discusse<l  at  <4reat  Ieii;;th,  and  in 
11  scholarly  manner,  by  I'rolessor  Sini[)son,  who  is  very  far  iVoni  sharin;,' 
his  views,  and  is  even  inclined  to  attribnto  ii  Cimbrian  rather  than  u  I'hdMii- 
cian  orij^in  to  the  Kivik  scidptnres,  to  which  tlie  Swedish  archa'dlof^ist  so 
ol'ten  refers  in  his  arginnentatioii.*  in  more  recent  writings  relating  to  tho 
introdnction  of  bronzo  in  Europe  I  have  not  met  with  alhisions  to  Pro- 
fessor Kilsson's  theory,  which  thus  ai)pears  to  have  been  abandoned  at  tlio 
l)r<'sent  time.f  Yet,  though  the  author  has  failed  to  (;onviiu'e  his  fellow- 
laborers  in  th(>  field  of  archaology  of  the  cornictness  of  his  views,  his  work, 
lu'vertlu'less,  possesses  unconunon  merit,  on  account  of  the  vast  amount  of 
research  end)odicd  in  it,  and  Miss  Mest((rf  deserves  great  (-redit  for  having 
translated  it  into  (lerman — :i  language  num^  generally  understood  than 
the  Swedish  of  the  original. 

As  a  coiisequouco  of  the  foregoing,  it  would  ap[)ear  that  tin;  Swedish 
cujipcd  stones  wen!  notsacridcial  altars  serving  in  tin;  worship  of  a  l'h<euician 
deity;  and  grave  doubts  have  been  expressed  l)y  prominent  authorities 
whether  cupped  boulders  were  at  all  used  as  ahars,  considering  that  tiio 
cups  often  occur  on  i)erpcndicalar  or  strongly-inclined  sin-faces,  and  thus 
could  not  have  served  as  the  receptacles  of  liquid  substances. 

In  addition  to  the  altar  theory,  cup  and  ring-cuttings  have,  as  may  be 
imagined,  given  rise  to  a  vari(!ty  of  speculations  as  to  tin;  purpose  for  which 
they  wen;  made.  Some  of  these  views,  recordeil  and  conunented  on  in 
Professor  Simpson's  woik,  may  be  presenteil  in  this  place. 

'I'he  Ivev.  ]\Ir.  Oreenwell,  Sir  (iardner  Wilkinson,  l>r.  Ciraves,  and 
others,  consider  them  as  archaic  maps  or  plans  of  old  circular  camps  and 
cities  in  their  lu'ighlxjrhood,  telling  possibly  of  their  direction  and  character. 
"But  1  believe,"  says  Simpson,  "this  idea  has  now  been  abandoned  as 
untenable  by  .some,  if  not  by  all,  of  the  anticpiaries  wiio  iirst  suggested  it." 

"The  car\ings,"  Professor  Simp.son  continues,  "have  been  held  by  some 
as  intended    Ibi'  dials,  the  light  of  the  sun  marking  time  upon   them — or 

"■  SiuipMiii :  Aicliaic  SiMilpliirca,  olc;  )>.  HI,  etc. 

t  Vii'ws  .--iiiiil.'ir  tn  lliDsii  (if  I'l-iilKssoi-  Nilssoii  :ii<'  osiUT.s.scil  liy  I'rrili  rir  di-  l;(iu;;ini(iiil  iii  ''  I.'A;;t' 

(111    IfliMl.-c  (111    lr>  S.llllll  ,s  cll  (111  l.lclll  ;"    I'lllls,    iMili. 


76 


CUPSnAl't;!)  AND  OTIIEU  LAIMDAUIAN  SCUM'TIJIJKS. 


upon  a  Htii'k  phioed  in  tlicir  central  on])s — and  its  shadow  corrospondinjr 
witii  one  of  the  central  radial  {,n-oove.s ;  hut  they  have  been  found  in  local- 
lies  wliich  neither  sun  nor  shadow  could  reach,  as  in  the  dark  interiors  of 
stone  sepulchres  and  nnderf,''roun<l  houses.  Others  liave  rejjarded  theui  as 
sonio  form  of  gamblinjic  table;  but  thoy  occur  on  perpendicular  and  slaiitiu},'- 
as  well  as  flat  rocks;  and  besides,  if  such  wrr(>  their  use,  they  would 
scarcely  have  been  emijloycd  to  cover  the  ashes  of  the  dead. 

"1  have  hoard  them  spoken  of  a.s  rude  representations  of  the  sun  and 
stars,  and  of  other  material  and  even  corporeal  objects  of  natural  or  Sabeau 
wor.ship;  Imt  all  attenifjls  to  connect  the  peculiar  conli^^urations  and  rela- 
tions wliich  they  show  with  any  celestial  or  terrestrial  matters  have  as  )-et 
confessedly  failed.  Nor  have  we  tiie  slifrlitest  particle  of  evidi'uce  in  favor 
of  any  of  the  nmnerous  additional  conjectures  which  have  been  proj)osed — 
as  that  these  British  cup  and  ring-carvinj^s  are  s}  lubolic  emnnerations  of 
families  or  tril)es;  or  some  variety  of  archaic  writing;  or  eud)lenis  of  the 
philosophical  views  of  the  Druids;  or  stone  tables  for  Druidical  sacrihces; 
or  objects  for  the  practice  of  magic  and  necromancy." 

One  of  Profes.sor  Simpson's  friends,  Mr.  Dickson,  of  Alnwick,  in  re- 
ferring to  incised  stones  in  Northumberland,  "has  suggested  that  these 
carvings  relate  to  the  god  Mithras  (the  name  under  which  the  sun  was 
worshiped  in  Persia);  that  about  the  end  of  the  second  century  the 
religion  of  Mithras  had  extended  over  all  the  western  empire,  and  was  the 
favorite  religion  of  the  Romans — a  system  of  astrological  theology;  that 
in  the  sculptured  Northumberland  rocks  the  central  cup  signifies  the  sun, 
the  concentric  circles  jn'obably  the  orbits  of  the  [danets,  and  the  radial 
straight  groove  the  way  through  the  sun.  In  consequence,  Mr.  Dickson 
holds  these  rock-sculptures  to  be  the  work  of  the  Romans,  and  not  Celtic — 
having  been  cut,  he  su])posos,  as  emblems  of  their  religion  by  Roman  sol- 
diers near  old  Rritisli  camps,  after  they  had  driven  out  their  native  defend- 
ers. But  if  tlujy  were  of  Roman  origin,  they  would  surely  be  found  in 
and  around  Roman  stations,  and  not  in  and  around  British  localities — in 
Roman  graves,  and  not  in  old  British  kistvacns.  The  fact,  however,  is  that 
they  al)Ound  in  localities  Avhich  no  Roman  soldiers  e\cr  rcacluul,  as  in 
j\rgyleshire,  in  0)-kney,  and   in  Ireland.     And  possil)lv  even  most  (»f  them 


ItAU.I 


M1T1115AS  AND  LINGAM  WOUSIIII'. 


77 


were  cut  Ijcforc  tho  mythic  tinio  when  lidniiHiis  drew  liis  first  ciM'ln'lIii;,' 
fiirniw  iiromid  tlui  Piilatii  ■  Mount,  antl  ioiiiulcd  tliiit  ju'tty  villii;r(>,  wliiili 
WHS  dcstiiu'd  to  uccomc — within  seven  or  eii^ht  short  centuries — tlic  Miiijiress 
of  the  civihzed  worhl." 

Tho  i(h'ii  tliat  the  niarkinj^s  shouhl  have  any  hearin;^'-  on  tlic  worshij) 
ot"  the  reciprocal  princlpk's  of  nature  is  summarily  dismissed  l)y  Professor 
Simpson  in  a  sliort  note  on  l>a;ro  80  of  his  work.  IIo  say,'. .  "'Two  arclin-- 
oh>ifical  friends  of  mine — both  dignitaries  of  the  l']piscoj)al  (Mun-cli — have 
separately  formed  tlio  i(h^a  tliat  th(^  laplchny  cups  and  iji'des  ai'e  end)h'nis 
of  ohl  female  Linjifam  worship,  a  supposition  wlr  di  a|»pears  to  me  totally 
without  any  anatomical  or  other  foundation,  and  one  altoi^-ether  o[)posed  hy 
all  wo  know  of  the  specific  class  of  symbols  used  in  that  worship,  either  in 
ancient  or  modern  times." 

This  note  is  thus  conuiicnted  on  by  Mr.  Kivett-Carnac:  "  I  am  Hanjjnine 
that,  if  the  late  Sir  J.  Simpson  had  seen  tlui  sketches  of  what  I  have  called 
the  'conventional  syndj(ds'  on  the  shrines  at  Chandeshwar,  and  had  been 
aide  to  compare  them  with  some  of  the  types  llpjunHl  in  his  uurk,  lienii;;iit 
have  been  inclined  to  modify  tlu^  opinion  above  extracteil.  I'he  treatment 
of  these  syndxds  is  purely  conventional,  they  bear  no  anatomical  i'(\seni- 
blance  to  anythin<,>',  they  an^  uidiko  many  of  the  lai'i^c,  w<dbkiiown,  and 
acknowledged  representations  of  the  ^lahadeo  and  Yoni.  Still  tliev  nev- 
ertludess  represent  tho  same  idea.  And  hero  it  niay  be  noticed  that  the 
sanm  aryuuK'nt  of  anatomical  non-resenddanoo  might  be  advanced  in  regard 
to  the  well-known  representations,  common  throughout  India,  of  the  mean- 
ing of  whicli  to  the  iintiated  there  is  no  i'  iid)t  at  all.  'I'o  the  uninitiated, 
however,  the  siiapes  convey  nothing,  and  1  have  known  cases  of  Europeans 
who  have  been  many  years  in  the  cotintry,  who  were  quite  unsuspicious  of 
•what  'that  Jew's-harp  idol,'  as  they  called  it,  was  intended  to  n-present.  .\s 
the  old  ju'iestat  Ciiandeshwar  said,  'Those  who  can  atVord  it,  i)ut  nj)  a  liig 
Mahadeo;  those  who  can't,  put  up  these  slabs.'  And  so  also  with  us.  Tho 
ri(di  ndations  or  friends  of  the  Christian  may  put  ov(>r  his  grave  a  solid, 
richly-carved  stone  cross.  Tho  grave  of  a  poor  man,  if  marked  at  all,  has 
over  it  jierhaps  two  ])ieces  of  wood  nailed  together  in  the  shape  of  a  cross, 
or  a  cross  roughly  cut  on  a  jiiece  of  stone.     The  Christian  (diurcli  is  luiilt 


78 


(JUl'SIIArKl)  AN.JOTDCU  LAI'lDAIilAN  HL'lLl'KiltH.S. 


ill  tlio  form  of  a  cross  In  Piiiidiikoli  Jind  many  other  spots  tlu^  Mnliailco 
temples  iiro  built  in  the  shape  of  tlu*  convcnlioiial  symbols  of  that  faith."* 
lie  then  observes  that  the  symbols  of  iho  Mahadco  and  Yoni  ean  be  more 
cnnvmiently  indicated  on  stone  by  what  may  be  calhMl  a  ;jround-plan  than 
l)y  a  section,  and  refers  for  illiistriition  to  desi<;iis  accompanyin<r  his  pnb- 
licaticm.  1(  wouhl  bo  ditlicnlt  to  find  fanltwith  this  refutation  of  Professor 
Simpson's  assertion  coiu'crninff  tho  character  of  lhos((  symbolic  representa- 
tions. 

I  Vofessor  Simpson  himself  does  not  attempt  to  explain  th((  s])ecial  sijr- 
nilicance  of  the  Scottish  and  Mn},dish  cup  and  rin;:;--cuttinys  ;  but  in  view  of 
tlieir  thorouf,ddy  homo<>eneous  character,  ho  considers  them  as  exprcssivcMtf 
some  reh^nons  conce|)lion  of  those  ^v\u>  made  ihem — a  conclusion  hardly 
admittiu"'  of  any  d(iul)t.  On  the  other  hand,  he  Indds  that  the  more  com- 
])lieatod  carved  fi^^urcs  seen  on  mejjralilhii'  structures  in  Ireland  and  Ihit- 
tany  are,  in  part  at  least,  of  an  ornamental  (diaractcr;  and  this  view  seems 
to  me  eciuallv  correct.  Indeed,  some  of  the  i\'\Y  illustrations  of  Irish  and 
Ih'eton  carviii;!;s  jjiven  in  this  publication  (Figmrs  12  and  1  t)  ))resent  an 
appearance  calculateil  to  corroborate  Professor  Simpson's  tipinion. 

The  learned  Si'ottish  author  refers  the  cup  and  rin;^-carviujis  to  a  remote 
period  of  anticputy.  "The  very  simplicity  of  ihe  cup  and  circle  forms",  he 
says,  "is  one  strong  reason  for  our  regarding  these  t3-pes  of  sculpture  as 
the  most  archaic  stone-earvings  that  have  been  left  to  ns"  (page  lOo).  ile 
draws  particular  attention  to  their  ])recedence  of  letters  and  of  traditiot.sof 
auv  kind,  and  to  the  fact  that  they  a[)pear  on  uiegalithicmonmnenls  erected 
at  a  time  wlien  metal  was  not  yet  in  use.  Concerning  this  point  he  says: 
"At  present  I  am  not  aware  thai  wiliiin  any  of  tlu'  sepulchres,  wliose  stones 
are  marked  only  with  the  incised  ring  and  cup-cuttings,  any  kind  or  form 
of  metallio  tool  or  instrument  has  yet  been  fouml.  Should  further  and 
more  extended  ob.servation  confirm  this  remark,  then  it  will  naturally  fol- 
low that  iha  com mcnrcmcnt  of  thc^tiG  scnljituiings  nnist  tie  thiowu  back  to 
the  so-called  Stone  period,  or  to  an  era  anteiior  to  liie  use  of  nieials. — — — 
J  have  no  doubt,  however,  that  at  whatever  time  the  simple  cup  and  ring- 
sculptures  were  fn-st  begun  to  be  cut,  the  ])ractice  of  carving  them — if  it 

*  Jiivill-Carn.ii  :  Arilia'oldgical  Ndlrs,  ilr.  ;  p.  II. 


nAH) 


COMMIINTS   l!V  SIMI'SOX. 


70 


dill  iKif  iiiiliiitc  ill — WiiH  at  Iciist  coiitiiiiicd  into,  mid  iiidi'cd  cxtciidod  during 
tlu)  No-t'idlcd  IJnm/.ti  orii,  iiiid  iicrlnips  till  a  later  iiciiod  ;  for  lnoiizo  tfxds 
and  ornaiiii'iits  luivc  occasiunally  Ik'cii  t'oiinil  in  lucalitics  in  Ar;4\l('Hliiro, 
Norllniiiilicrland,  ,nid  ol.M'wlicri!  near  to  spots  wlicnt  the  sculptures  exist  in 
unnsiial  ntiiiibers ;  tlioii^^li  iiono  3-et  have  Iteeii  disciiveied,  as  tar  as  I  ain 
aware,  in  iimiiediate  or  direct  connection  witli  tlioso  carved  stones  or  cist^i 
tlicniselves"  (pajros  llf),  1"2()). 

Professor  Simpson's  remarlvs  concennn<jf  tlio  iac(;  that  tiist  intioduced 
tlut  {'arviii^  of  the  hipidarlan  cup  and  riii;4--sciilptiires  jiro  of  <rreat  interest. 
'J'ho  earhest  really  historical  records  of  j>ritain,  la*  (djserves,  date  from  tho 
timo  of  .lidius  Cicsar's  expeditions  to  the  island,  antedatiii;jf  the  Christian 
onx  about  half  a  century.  .\t  that  piriod  the  population  appears  to  have 
eliiefl)'  consisted  of  ("elts,  with  an  adiiiixtiiic  of  lieli^iaii  and  prohahlv  of 
Lignrian  olcnients.  When  Scotland  was  first  invaded  hv  the  Ifoiiians  (HI 
nftor  (Jhrisi),  tlio  inlialiitants  made  use  of  war  chariots,  and.  liaviiiji'  aln>ady 
passed  tiiront,di  the  era  of  lironzo  weapons,  foiii^ht  in  tiie  battle  of  tlu! 
Ciram]iiaii  Moimtaiiis,  in  which  Ap'iccda  defeated  tli(i  native  forces  under 
Galjfaciis,  with  huge  blinit-pointed  swords  {fiinniics  f/ldilii  siiir  iiiKrroiic)* 
which  form  of  weapon,  Simpson  thinks,  can  only  be  snpi)Osed  to  have  been 
made  of  iron. 

The  remarks  followiiiif  next  in  his  work  (pa<ii;o  V2'))  tnv  of  su(di  striking 
character  that  I  cannot  refrain  from  (piofing-  them  in  full.     He  says: — 

"Wo  have  no  ade([uale  data  as  y  to  iix  the  date  of  advent  to  onr 
Khoresof  the  Cymry  and  Oael,  and  to  determine  whether  or  not  thev  brought 
ahmg  with  them,  at  their  lirst  arrival,  as  some  hold,  a  kiiowleilge  of  tiui 
metallnrgic  arts,  lint  much  evidence  has  been  gradually  accumulating  of 
Lite  years  to  prove  that  there  had  existed  somo  pro-Celtic  races  in  Ih-itain. 
V^ithout  venturing  in  the  least  to  point  out  all,  let  me  simplv  note  two  or 
throe.  A  ri.ce  of  Jregalithic  liuildens — if  we  may  so  call  them — who  lia\o 
not  loft  in  thoir  sopulchres,  and  thoreforo  wo  infer  did  not  jiossoss,  in  their 
earlier  era  at  least,  any  metal  t0(ds  or  weapons,  seem  to  have  either  pre- 
ceded the  Colts,  or  to  have  formed  our  lirst  Celtic  or  Arvaii  wave;  and 
judging  from  the  extent  of  their  remains  in  massive  cliambored  cata(!ombs 


Tiuitiis:  Vila  Agriculii'.  XXWI. 


80 


CUPSIIAPED  AND  OTIIlOIl  LAPIDAKIAX  SCULI'TIJRES. 


iind  cromlechs,  i.i  nnraerous  cycloi)can  forts,  [>i;;'antic  stoiio  circles,  etc., 
they  must  have  held  the  country  for  a  considerable  length  of  time,  and 
overspread  the  whole  of  it  by  the  dilTiisiou  of  their  population.  From 
their  remains,  as  left  in  tlieir  tombs  and  els/where,  we  know  that  they 
employed  weapons  and  tools  of  horn,  wool,  and  poUnJicd  stone;  maini- 
factured  rude  hand-made  pottery;  had  ornanu'ntsof  jet,  bone,  etc.;  partially 
reared  and  u^ed  cereals,  as  indicated  by  their  stone  muller.s  and  querns; 
and  possessed  the  dog,  ox,  sheep,  and  other  domestic  cpiadrupeds.  I  do 
not  stop  to  dis'uss  the  various  questions  whether  these  j\regalithic  Builders 
did  or  did  not  i  oUow  (int  and  i.se  the  an  liaic  single-tree  canoes  found  on 
our  shores,  river>,  ai.d  lakes; — whether  they  were  the  people  that  amiently 
whaled  in  the  Firth  of  Foul,  with  harpoons  of  deer-horn,  when  its  upper 
ANMter.s  were  e-iher  nnich  liigher  or  its  shores  nmch  lower  than  at  present; — 
whether  the^  or  another  race  built  tlie  earliest  stom-age  crannoges  or  lake- 
habitations; — and  agaii'  whether  there  \\as  not  an  antecedent  population 
of  sini  le  lislicrs  and  hunters,  totally  unacoi  iited  with  the  reavinir  of  corn 
and  enule.  and  who  have  bequeathed  to  anlucology  all  their  s]iarse  and 
sole  historic  rcH'ords  in  c'lsuai  relics  of  their  food,  dicss  and  wea})ons  burled 
in  lieaps  and  mounds  of  kitchei'-refu.-^e,  whirh  they  ha\e  ineidenlally  uccu- 
nudat.Hl  and  left  upon  our  own  and  upon  other  northern  and  westvTU  coasts 
of  Europ(\  Wliether  these  formed  one,  or  t\v(;,  or  nmre  races,  h-t  me  add, 
that  long  anterior  to  the  l\Iogalitliic  Builders  there  certaiidy  existed  in  our 
island  a  tribe  of  inlialiitauts  that  dwelt,  in  part  at  least,  in  natund  or  arti- 
ficial caves,  where  their  bones  and  their  contemporaneous  relics  jiavc  been 
found;  who  possessed  implements  'nid  weapons  of  stone  and  Hint,  but 
rough,  and  not  polished  like  tho^<»  of  ,he  Megalithic  Builders;  who  seem- 
ingly possessed  no  pottery;  who — if  we  may  judge  from  the  want  of 
rubbei's  and  querns  to  grind  corn-f(  xl — had  liillc  or  no  knowledge  of 
agri(  nlture;  and  who  lived  in  those  ftr-distant  limes  when  the  colossal 
fossil  elephant  or  m;immoth,  tlie  w  lolly-Iiaired  rliinoceros,  the  gigantic 
cave-bear,  the  great  hyicna,  etc.,  wen;  contenq)oraneous  inhabilants  with 
l-.i;  .  of  the  soil  of  Britain;  when  the  British  lion  was  a  \eritable  realit;>-  and 
not  '!  heraldic  myth;  and  wiien  possil)ly  lOngland  was  still  geolog',;';dly 
Uiiited  to  the  Continent,  and  the  Thames  was  only  a  tributary  ol'  tlie  Kiiine. 


ItAl- 


I'OMMENTrt  I'.V  SniPSOX  AND  TATK. 


81 


I  am  not  awaiv  lliat  \vc  liavc  yet  sullicii-nt  i-vitlciico  to  coiisidcr  as  of  the 
su'.iit'  l'aiiiil\  with  thi.'sc  ancient  ("ave-uien,  or  as  of  a  raco  still  anterior  to 
the  <i,  the  Flint-folk  of  tiie  southern  eounties  of  England,  whose  nvpoJished 
tlint  hatchets — besides  being-  found  in  great  abundance  on  the  banks  of  tlu^ 
Sounne  and  Loire — have  been  discovered  in  various  parts  in  the  river-drifts 
of  South  Ensiland,  and  an  excellent  specimen  of  which,  alony-  with  the 
bones  of  an  (de|iliant,  was  dug  nj),  in  'i  •  last  ci'ntury,  from  u  gTavel-[)it 
near  (,iray's  Inn  J.anc,  in  the  centre  ot   l.ondon  itself.''* 

The  question  to  whicli  of  these  races  of  man  the  first  sculpturings  ot 
Clips  and  rings  are  to  be  referriMJ,  is  one  \vhicii,  Professor  Sim]isnn  thinks, 
cannot  be  positively  answered  in  the  present  state  of  arclueoUigical  knowl- 
edge, lie  wants  furthei-  data  as  to  tlieir  <listribution  in  iMWope  and  in 
other  parts  of  the  woild.  Admitting  the  fact  that  such  carvings  were 
executed  b_v  the  "Meg.ilitliic  IJuildeis"  of  the  age  n\' /m/isl/id  stowe,  he  thinks 
tlie  ])ractice  mav  l)ossil)l\  lia\e  antedated  the  era  of  that  race,  and,  further, 
expresses  his  l)elief  in  its  contiiuiance  through  the  bronze  period  and  e\(ii 
later  times. f 

Mr.  'i'ate  arrives  ai  ..:'iiiewliat  dllferent  comdusions.  He  infers  from 
the  \vide  distribution  of  the  cup  a.nd  circle-carvings  over  the  British  Islands 
"that  at  the  pe.'-iod  when  they  were  maile,  the  wlude  of  Britain  was  peopled 
b\'  tribes  of  one  race,  who  were  indiu<d  with  tiie  same  suju  rslitions,  and 
Q<  essed  them  b\-  the  same  symbols"  lie  refers  to  the  in\  ariable  a.s.so- 
ci;  vion  of  thi'se  <  ii'\ings  with  ancient  British  forts,  op|)ida,  villages  and 
sepulchres  as  an  e\idence  of  all  ha\ing  lieeii  the  work  of  the  people  who 
dwelt  ii.  ihese  places,  and  wci'e  buried  in  these  tomb--.  'J'hoiigh  alluding 
to  the  existence  of  ante  Cellii  races  in  Britain,  lie  thinks  it  may  be  infei'red 
"that  the  old  remains  in  Northnmlieiiaiiii.  tlie  sculptures  incbnled,  belong 
to  the  ( 'eltic  race,  thiin;^]i  the\  in.iy  tell  the  history  of  many  centuries  prior 
to  the  ( 'hristian  era"  I'he  NortliunilM'ian  sculptures  lieiiig  executed  on 
sandstone,  he  does  not  den\-  the  possibility  of  their  h;t\ing  been  car\cd 
with  stone  instrunieiits ;  vet  he  is  of  opinion  that  iiieial  was  known  in  the 
district  when  the  sculptures  were  made,  .'is  bron/e  and  coppi  r  (■bjects  occur 

'  Thisolun  iiiriuioned  siH-iiiiU'ii,  luisi  rvid  in  ilu-  liiili~hSliis(Miii,  is  ligmcii  mi  p.  SyV-l  ol' liviuisV 
"Anciciif  Stiiiic  Iiiiiileiii'iits,  etc.,  of  (irent  Bntiiiii." 
t  Siiiiiisoii :  Arolinii' S'lillitiircs.  itc. :  p.  7'.(-l;il. 

(i  ;.  s 


82 


(I  I' siiAi'i;i>  AND  (>;!ii:i;  i.ai'Idaim  an  scim.i'I'i  l-ks. 


in  llu'ir  iicii^lilxtrliodd.  Fii  Xnrtli  Nortliiiinlicrhiiil,  iudrcil.  roiisidcralilc 
iniiuhiM's  (if  hroiizo  celts  liii\c  \)vvn  disci ivcrcd,  iuid  also  Iprcnzc  dafij^-crs. 
spcar-lieads  and  suwu-ds.  .Mr.  Tate  fiirtlicr  refers  foijin-rns  talu'ii  tVoni  so-.no 
Nortluuiil)riaii  Inrts.  .nid  made  el'  iiard.  unlractaljle  [mrphx  i'\',  which,  li(> 
l)elie\i'S,  cnulil  nut  iiavc  lieen  lasliloned  1)\  an\  st(inc  tool,  anil  lie  tlK'ri'forc! 
argues  that  tlie  Xnrt'iinnliriaii  smlptures  ^leneralh'  were  made  li\  means  nt' 
timls  i)f  metal.  |iri>l)alil\'  nt'  liron/.e.  Mr  Tale  seems  tu  iinderrah'  the 
etlii  i,'nc\'  ot'  Hint  instruments,  when  applied  to  hard  stones.* 

Mr.  'Tate  oilers  no  delinite  \ie\v  with  rej;ar(l  to  tlie  meaninu  ot  tlu'se 
rock-sciilptures.  hut  considers  them  as  symbolical — most  prohabU'  of  reliu'- 


lons  Ideas. 


Ill 


owever,  he  seems  to  ha\"e  a    leaning;'  toward   the   lielief  ijial 


tlie\'  ol'lliinateij   \vi 


th  the   1), 


mil 


and  were  eolineeteil   in  dlllerent  \\a\swilh 


the   rUes  ot   tiiat    piiwertid    ]iiiesthoiid. 

aihanced  \  iew  he  qnotes  passa'_i'es  trom  I'linv.  .Mela  and  Strabi 


I    support  ot   this  vei\    cantioush 


i|iirstii>ii  \\:i.s  imii'Iirally 


)lvrll  I 


;  llii'  IiitiTiMtiiiiiul  .\Mllin>|iiiliiKii':il  ('niijrriMt,  lii'l<l  ;it 


Talis  ill  Uii'  vi'ar  I  -(i".     'I'liin'  air  in  llir  .Mmmiuii  nt'  Saiiif-licnii.nii  lasls  at  the  wiilptmi'il  nIiiih'  plalis 


riiniiiii;;  porlidiis  o 


r  llii'  niiiiiiliis  lid 


on  llii'  Islaml   of  (iavr'  nils,  liiillaiiv.     Tliisi>  stalls. 


iii^  of  iii:apai'l  uraniti'.  i'.\ 


tiiliit. 


as  \M*  Iiavi*  seen.  siirlafi'S  iiuTrril  all  o\cr  with  inli'icato  rnr\i'ii  |i 


III    ollll 


iliM;; 


Till'  savant  i  win 


'  pri'sciit  I'lMisiJriTtl  il  iiiipi 


iliirt' 


CMTUll'  Sllrll 


llptl 


it'   I  111 


laiiii' 


inniitr  was 


uitlii'iit  iiiiployin^   tools  of  sli'iO  or  liarili'iioil  luoii/c.     Iliil  .M.  .Mi'xaiiili'i'  Iti  rtraiiil,  llio  iliriilor  of  ilic 
niiisriiiii,  was  of  ilitl'iTi'iil   opinion,  anil  piori'riloil  to  nialii'  a  trial.     A   jii 
workiil  with  stoni'  iinpli'ii 
u  I'inli'  anil  a  lew  linrs  \ 


iinil  till 


M" 


i-iit  111 


il  to  III 


a  pi'rtrcl  :.iir 


Allrr  il  ihn's  lalii 


1'  i'ii,i;ravi'il.  A  i  liisol  of  polislnil  Hint  imril  iliirinu  llir  v.lioli'  tinir  was 
hi'.rilly  iii.iiiriil;  onr  of  nrplirito  liail  lioroini'  soiiii'wlial  liliiiilril,  anil  a  simitar  iiiipli'niriii  of  K'l'i'ustoni' 
sti'l  more.  Hut  tin*  tiIl;!'  of  a  tiron/r  axi-  iis.eil  in  tin*  opri-atioii  was  instantly  lii-nl,  ami  if  lii'ranir  I'vi- 
ilrnt  that  lliiisi'  sriilptnri'S  tiail  not  linn  I'Nn'iitrit  with  liioiizo,  liiil  witti  stiinr.     Tills  arroiint    is  j^ivi'ii 


liy  I'rofrssor  <  arl  VoKt  in  < 


if  a  scrii's  of  li'llris  ailill'i'.ssril,  in  HiiT,  froni  I'aris  to  thr  <'olo;r|,(.  (;a::ctlr 


II 


ia\i'  i|i 


lit  I'll  il  licfoi'i'  this  in  tin'  Siiiitlisoniaii  piililiralion  riitillril  "'I'lii'  rali'Mi|iir  TaMrt  i:.  tin'  I'niii'il 


Slatrs  National  Miisriini." 

A  siiiiitai'  I'Nprriini'nl,  iiiaih'  at  tin 


iif   I'loli' 


iip^oii,  is  thus  ilfsiTil  I'll  l»\  hi 


I  III 


foiinil  rspi'riniriilally  that  thr  rin;;s  ami  nips  ran  hi' riif^nnril  iliiplv  ami  willnuit  ill 


liiMilly  upon  till'  Ar^'ylr 


1  hist,  ami  I'vrn  iipmi  haul  .Mii'iih'i'ii  (jraiiitr,  with  a  lliiit  roll  ami  a  wooihn 


ilh't.     Ill  ilii'  l'.iliiiliiir>;li  .\iilii|naiiaii  Musi' 


I'lllII  t  llrl'<'  IS  a 


lilorh  of  jiiay  Alirrilii'ii  jirauiti'  fioiii  K 


On 


tin 


foriniii){  11111'  iif  till'  sriilplnri'il  slonrs  of  Srollainl.  ami  i  oiilaininK  iipiui  mii'  siilr  two  in 

Ihi'  liai'k  of  this  hunt  yraniti'  Mr.  liolirrt  Taiil,  tin'  ilooikiipi'r  of  tlio  .Miisiiini.  Iriio  I" 

tnriit  I  alliiili'  to,  ami  rut,  in  t«ii  hours.  I  Ho-thinls  of  a  lirrlr  witli  a  Hint  ami  a  womli'ii   .   alli'l.     Tin' 

Hint  nsi'il  was  iiliont  tlirrr  iiirlns  Ion;;,  an  imh  in  liii'ailth,  anil  iihoiit  ii  <|iiai  irofan  inrli  in  thiikni'ss. 


M" 


lirrlr  wliiili  111- siulpturiil  wiiti  it  in  llir  ;,'raiiite  was 


I'lii'H  in  iliaini'li'i':  ami  tin'  iin  is 


i.si'lf  was  nrarlv  ttir 


lartri'H  of  an  imti  hroail,  alioM'  a  i|nai'tri  of  an  imh  in  ili'plh,  ami  vi'iy  sinnolli 


oil  its  rut  siirfaii'.     In  )ii'wiii;{  nut  tin' riirli' with  ttir  llint,  its  sharp  tips  froin  liiiii' to  tiiin' hioki' oil', 
hut  allot  hir  '-liarp  cilui'  was  iilwiiys  iuiiniiliati'ly  olitaiuril  liy  nnnlv  Inrniii;;  it  roiiml. 

"Till'  nsiilt  of  this  siiupli'  anil  it  'sivi'  rxpirimi'iit  sirms  to  inr  to  hr  iniporiaiil ,  as  show  iim  that 
if  tlii'sr  ari'haii'  intliiiK:-  niiihl  hi'  sciiiiiiiiri'il  iilikc  cithi'r  liy  stoiii'  or  liy  im  tallir  tools,  llnir  iinrr 
rlmrartir  mill  Inrin  aH'oril  mi  I'viihiui'  wliatsoi'vor  that   iliry  wiro  nut  larvril  till  allrr  Iho  ilisiovrry 


unil 


list'  ot  lilt: 


tallii 


iipl 


iinnts      In  otllrr  wnrils,  tho  r.\prliuniit   shows  that   thry  liiiKht   have  hi 


proiliiri'il  I't'l'ori'  till'  iiilii'iltnl  ion  ot'  ini-tals — or  iliirin;:  llir  Stoni-  ai;r. 


ih, 


Si  uljttn 


I  w'-'. 


HAV. 


coM.Mi'.N-i's  liv  'I'A'ri.;. 


83 


„ 


"As  tlic  fmictloiis  <it'  tlic  Dniids  wen'  viiricd",  lio  obsorves,  "so  mii^Iit 
those  SiUTcd  stones  l)c  used  lor  several  purposes.      ( »ii  them,  as  iiUiirs,  sjicri- 
fioes  mny  hiive  liec'ii  slain  to  aver'  either  personal  or  state  ealaniities;   some 
of  the  iii;-nres  may  l)o  the  hierogl\  phics  of  the  -^ods  to  whom   tliev  were 
dedi.ated:   the  ])hilosophioal  views  of  the  Druids  may  be  symlxdicaMy  rep- 
resented  in  the  cireles  combined  with  circles  (.n  the  Routinfj;'  Linn   .Stone.* 
v.-lnvh,  situated  in  a  wiM  district  and  |)r(>iial)iy  in  tlie  midst  of  forests,  -.vould 
be  sv:ch   a    ])lace  as  the  Druids  would  choose,  whi'rein  to  teacii  their  occult 
ilortrinesand  ])ractise  their  superstitious  rites.     Some  of  the  {■roups  of  the 
concentric  circles  may  show  their  idea  of  the  motion  of  the  heavenlv  bodies; 
and  the  radial  lines  mi-rht  set  forth  the  'inihience  and  ability  of  the  innnor- 
l.il   oods,'  as  extendim;-  throu-ih   and    beyond   the  orbits  of  the  heavenly 
bodies;   the  plant-like  (iuiires  mi-li1  (.nable  them  to  expound  -the  nature  of 
thinjis.'  as  seen  in  vegetation  :   jiossibly  the  grooves  passino  iVoui  the  c(ntr<' 
of  one  system  of  circles  to  an(.ther  mif-ht  symbolize  the  passaj-e  of  a  soul 
from  one  state  of  being  info  another  and  a  higher  state.      And   in   addition, 
I  <'annot  but  think  that  oiu'  of  the  (diief  uses  of  those  sacred  stones  was  for 
nirtiific  and   necromancy.     'I'iie  reli-ious  and   philosophical  siniiilicancs  of 
the  liii'ures  would  add  to  their  imjircssiveness  on   the   ]iopidar   mind,  when 
used    for   this   purpose,   and    ma-infy   the  mysterious   power  of  the   Druid 
priest  or  magician  when  he  cast  a  horosco]ie,  or  endeavored  b\- incantations 
to  avert  personal  or  pubic  calamities." 

These  passages,  I  repeat,  contain  Mi\  'I'ate's  suggestions  as  to  what  the 
.signilicance  of  the  sculptures  po.ssibly  nn'glit  be,  1»eing  by  no  means  iiiteu(h-(l 
ito  convey  a  malnred  o]iinion  ;  and  in  order  to  show  how  far  he  is  from  con- 
sidering the  problem  as  s(dved,  1  (piote  iiere  the  conclmling  jiaragraph  of 
his  work : — 

"'i'hose  who  are  not  content  unless  ever\-  mystery  is  full\-  explained 
may  feel  di.s.s.itished,  that  after  all  the  labor  and  research  JH'sK.wed  on  the 
inscribed  rocks,  we  cannot  ri'ad  them  off  as  from  a  bettered  book.  J5efore, 
however,  more  definite  results  can  be  arrived  at,  lurther  investigaticms  must 
lie  made  in  other  p.irts  of  the  world,  'j'wo  lines  of  research  ma^  vield 
iid'ormation  :   one  among  the    Laps  in   the  far   North,  and   the  other,  with 

•  I(.'|.IV..I,I,,1  oil  I'hitr  I  I.I'  Ills  w.ifli. 


84 


CUP-SIIAI'KI)  AND  OTOER  LAPIDARIAN  SCULPTURES. 


more  linpc  of  success,  in  the  early  home  of  tlio  Aryan  family.  Soinotliin;,', 
however,  has  been  achieved— materials  for  aiding-  in  the  fuller  solution  ol 
the  i)ro!)lem  have  been  ])lace<l  on  n-cord — an  udvanced  starting-point  made 
for  future  in([uirii;s — and  a  description  and  representation  preserved  of  mar- 
velous sculptures,  which  time  and  llu'  clenients  will  eventually  obliterate."'* 

Professor  Desor  devotes  a  consideral)le  portion  of  his  oftcn-cpioted 
pamphlet  to  a  discussion  of  the  probai>le  uicanin.u-  of  the  primitive  rock- 
sculptures,  more  espei'ially  those  of  the  simple  cup  ty|H  .  In  relerring  to 
M.  de  Bo'nstettcn,  who  considers  the  cup-shnped  cavities  in  fijeneral  as  the 
wm'k  of  nature  (weathering-  mit  of  imbedded  nodules,  etc.).  he  iulmits  that 
such  an  explanation  may  be  applied  in  certain  cases.f  but  that  an  ihv.  whole 
M.  de  I'onstetten's  view  appeiirs  tntniiy  initenable  I'n.fessor  Desor  is  not 
verv  favorable  to  the  iiltar  thiMny,  advoejiii'd  by  Nilsson,  Troyon  and 
others,  becau.se  the  cups  olteu  ajipeiii-  n\t  .slanting  and  even  veitical  surfaces, 
and  thus  could  not  have  .served  for  hohling  the  liluod  of  victims,  or  liba- 
tions of  anv  kind.  Nor  does  he  agree  with  Mr.  Westmpp,  who  believes 
that  the  cups  have  lu)  significance  whatever,  but  were  excavated  hy  llie 
prehistoric  peo|)le  with  no  other  object  in  vii-w  Ijut  that  of  itassing  the  time; 
and  ]>'■  lii^ewi.se  rejects  the  idea,  expressed  by  others.  \h;n  th>y  iire  simply 
of  a.  decorative  eharacter.  Having,  in  addition,  alluded  to  several  other 
theories— must  of  tlcm  already  brought,  to  the  reader's  n>Mict — Professor 
Desor  ob.serves  as  follows- — 

"If  th<'  cups  on  our  erratic  filocl<s  are  not  ornammfs,  biiuiilary marks, 
hierogivphs.  .-r  simjily  the  fancy-work  of  idle  herdsmen— w liar  flsr  i-.\n 
thev  ^i^'iiifv  f  We  hold  with  Dr.  Keller  thai  thev  we^'  eliielly  made  for 
the  pnr|)ose  of  m;o-l;ing  imU'libly  certain  lilocks  des!;.>:ned  to  reenll  n  cir- 
cumstance or  an  even!,  ilh  ri-enllectiou  of  which  was  of  a  iiat\n-e  to  bo 
perpetuated. t  It  w.is  doul)tless  left  t..  oral  trailitlon  to  explain  their  purport 
and  to  transmit  it  from  geiU'ration  to  generation.  TTfiUce  the  .stones  thus 
marke.l  were  imested  with  a  uioiiumcntal  cluiraeicr — using  the  term  in  its 
most  primitive  arcciitiitiun — liki    the   menhirs   ,iml   the    blocks   which   the 


'T.ili;:    Tlio  Aiioii'iit  Soiil|p|iuv(l  lin.  ks,  i-ii'.;  )>.  U&-44 
t  rrofessor  Smiiismi  im'ici'il  i:i  si'vcr;'!  iii-ilaiu'i's  iniliiral 


1-.  3. 


t  in  api 


ilvjns  tlio  mm  Ih'itl-fiiiH  to  ilie  0!)i'i-l':in\nH 


:ii|>  I'Xfavatiims 


,Uclt 


;j  jt-«totlO 


Wi 


.—.Irilmtf  Sfulphirei.  •  fr  r 
r.-iar  exprcswa  the  Baiuc 


\iow.    Sie  pajjo  04  of  t'.iU  |m 


l<U\alJou. 


■M 


■M 


MHHMnMHi! 


i;ai'.| 


DESOIl'ri  VIEWS— I'M'J'Kl)  ASl'KJ.'SOinA  IN   SWEDEN. 


85 


imfruurhs  piit  iij)  in  ronuncrnoratio!)  .1  important  ovnits.  '|'|i(.\  ui-re  tlio 
natural  aiixitiaccs  ni'  tradition.s,  witliout  being-  tlu'ir  interpreters.  This  was 
more  tlian  snfiicient  to  render  them  popular.  It  ia  not  surpri.sinjf  that  they 
were  the  objects  of  a  certain  Ncnoration,  which,  in(h;e(l,  ha,-,  not  yet  cea.sed 
in  O'Av  (lay.^i  in  some  parts  of  Knropc!,  wlure  they  are  aenominated  'sacred 
stones'  hy  the  jjcoiili..'"* 

.Mr.  HivcU  Uarnac's  vii  ws  in  relation  to  the  primitive  sculptures  of 
Indiii  have  been  {.riven,  in  eomiection  M-ith  hi^  descriptive  nccc-nnt,  i;s  a  pre- 
cedin;,^  part  of  ^his  Dublication,  and  I  need  utit  revert  to  them  for  the  present, 
'rhouyli  Profesi.^or  Xilsson's  theories  aro  likewise  known  lo  the  reader, 
I  have  to  draw  attention  to  his  statements  com-erninj,'-  the  continuance  of 
cup-cnuinj,^  in  comjiaraliNely  modern  times.  He  is  of  opinion  that  the  iirst 
Christian  missionaries  who  came  to  Sweden,  found  in  eertain  parts  of  the 
country  a  population  still  sacrilicin,i(  on  cupped  Haal  altars,  [n  order  to 
wean  the  people  inafjentle  n.annerfrojn  this  [.ractice,  he  thinks,  the  priests 
lirst  used  the  cupped  bouhlers  as  Iioly-watei-  st<  ne.s,  aiul  afterward  intro- 
duced a.^pcrsonn  \n  the  sliape  of  cupped  stone  A-esseLs  in  the  churches. 
Indeed,  ho  d.'scribes  and  !ig-ures  several  of  thei^e  vessels  belonjjin<,r  lo 
Scaiiian  churches  in  uhicli.  before  the  era  of  Protestantism,  CathoHc  wor- 
ship was  i..n-formeu.  Fin-,  y.)  represents  (me  of  the  holy-water  basins 
figured  by  Nilsson.  whi.di  li  still  seen  in  a  church  at  .Sfro,  in  the  lilshopric 
of  Lund.  Its  upper  sm-face  shows  iive  cup-e.xcavations,  but  is  otherwise 
smooth.  A  transition  fn^m  this  simple  to  a  somewhat  more  elab(»rate  device 
is  shown  by  Fig.  6U,  likewise  copied  from  Nilsson's  work,  and  representing 
a  holy-water  basin  in  a  church  uC  Oeiniaip,  in  S.-ania.  Its  slightlv  hollowed 
upper  surface  exhibit>  five  o.Kcavatious,  namely,  a  cross  in  th.'  eentre  and  a 
cuj)  in  each  eoiiu  r.f 

Tk»t-i'e  i.sbut  littledoubt  that  thisChristiancontrivanceof  employing  holy- 
W»l«f  Wsins  with  eup-e.tcavations  i.s  the  survival  of  a  preceding  heathenish 
practice  ;  but  i»  is  more  than  (luestionabh'  whether  these  Christian  clmrch- 
vesseiH  ^^vl■>'  designed  to  perpetuate,  as  it  were,  the  recollection  of  what 
Professor  Nikson  considers  as  sacriticial  altars.       faking  it  tor  granted  that 


'  Dcsor :  Piom-  ^  ficuullcs ;  p.  Ii*  and  paaaiir 
•Nils.«Mi.  Das  »rciiuiM.!t...r ;  Nactora(f  S.  4- 


36 


Cl  I'SIIAI'KI)   AND  OTIIKK   1,A!MI)A  IM  A  N  S(  (I.l'Tl  i'.KS. 


ciip-cuttings  wore  still  iiiado  in  Swcilcii  when  tlic  wmk  of  con  vert  iii;^,-  llio 
inlia!)itiints  from  paffiuiisni  was  bcfiMUi,  it  l>y  no  means  follows  that  the  orij;- 
inal  motisc  for  (■ni)-cutting-  tlum  still  a  tuatol  llu;  iicoi)l('  of  tluit  conntry. 
W'v  nnist  at  least  lak((  into  aeeonnl  the  jiossibility  of  siu'li  mutations,  tho 
more  so  as  examples  are  not  wanlin;;-.  In  most  countries  of  Enropo  and  in 
China  and  Japan,  for  instance,  popular  superstition  even  now  invcwts  pre- 
historic stone  imidements,  siuh  as  axes,  celts  and  arrow-lieads,  with  mai^ii' 

f  the   Ix'licM'rs  certainlv  used  such 


powers,  thon;^h  the  remote  ancestors  o 


■\AcaiK>ns  and  tools. 


^\■ 


lal    was  ori'iiuiiln 


\U 


\]\  oliject  emj>loyed  in  daily  lile 


lecanie 


in  the  course  of  time  a  charm. 


1  relation  to  cupped  stones  are  still  in  voji'uo 
amony-  the  uneducated  peoph'  of  dilVi'rent  i;uro])ean  countries.     As  we  lia\o 


Some  curious  superstitions  n 


jen,  they  are  called  vlfsli'Vir  in  Swed 


en. 


'1} 


s  Hiss  Mestorf, 


are 


th 


uls  of  the  dead;   they  fretjuently  d 


we 


\\\  o 


r  below  stones,  and 


stand  ni  \anons  relations  to  the  h\  in;. 


It'  their  quiet  is  dl^tm•l)ed,  oi 


tl 


r  tneir 


(Iwe 


lin--p|;ice  (Icsecrateil 


due   respecl  is   not  paid  to  the 


m. 


tl 


ie\-  wii 


reventie   themsehcs  bv  aniictin;^'    tl 


le    \n 


rpetrators  with  diseases  or   otlier 


th 


mislortunes. 


I'or   this    reason 


people   take  care  to  siviire  the  favor  of  th 


little  ones'  bv  sacriiices,  or  to  pa 


cilv 


hem   wlieii  o 


{Vended.     Their  claims 


ai'e  %er 


lest:   a  little  butter  or  -l■ea^e,  a  copper  com,  a  flower  oi  a  rilt 


ib 


boa  will  satisfy  them. 


tl 


10 


If  tlie\-  lia\e  iiitlicte<l  di,-,ease,  some  object  worn  by 
II  rec'.iicile  them.      .\  Swedisllv 


iick  persiHi,  such  as  a  pin  or  a  Imtton,  will  recuci 


proprietor  of  mi  estate  (iti  Uj)pland  ),  who  had  caused  an  elt'stone  to  Ix' 
transporteil  to  his  park,  ibiind  a  few  days  afterward  small  sacriiicial  -iirts 
lviu<;'  in  the  cups.      1  ii  the  Stockholm  Mn.seum  are  preserved  ray-dolls,  which 

These  probably  lia.d  be(ii  dejiosited 


had  1 


leeii  found  upon   an 


dfstoiK 


v  women  who  wished  to  Ijecome  mothers.      Thus  we  see  the  cup-stones  m 

their  cups,  liovvever,  instoail  of  holding' 


Swi'deii  aiiulie'l  to  the  iis(M>f  altai 


Ilie 


ood  of   victims,  as  Nilssoii  conjectured,  serve   to   receive  the  iiarniless 


"I 


fts  of 


a  smu)le  niiiiiled 


.antr\- 


The  cup-stone  (piestioii    has  of  late  I'req 


1!I«'I1 


tivl 


)pen    iliscussed  in    tin 


tnnual  meetiiiLis  o 


f  the  ( ieriuan 


Aiitl 


iroixilo 


ricdil  iSocietv   as  well  :\>  111  the 


uieetiffl}£S  of  the  .\nthro))olo}i:ical  So( 


ietv  of  IVriin.  Messrs.  X'iirhow. 


1> 


esor, 


•\t:iini»inMuliiiz-Hl:i!l  <U-r  Dt-uts.  Inn  .\iilb«i<{«*in|jirit.'hini  tii  wlU'  liiiti,  l-i'.l.  S.  1. 


S|T|'HItSTITI<)NS--('ll'  MAItIvS  ()\  (11  rilCII  KS. 


87 


FriccU'l,  Mclilis,  ScliiiiiiriiimsiMi,  jiikI  Voss  lycin;,'' cuiisiiiciKms  miikhi!;- flii-  par- 
ticipants in  tiic  (lihiitcs.  Much  nf  wliat  was  ^ai(l  in  tiicsc  iiici'tiui^-s  licariiifr 
oil  the  sultjccl  lias  Ikh'U  hroui^lit  to  the  reader's  notice,  acconliii;,'-  to 
oriifiiiiil  sources ;  in  adilitioii,  lio\ve\er,  various  coiniiiitiiicatioiis  relatin^r  to 
tlio  oiTUrreiicc  of  r'Up-excavatioiis  and  furrows  cui  the  outside  of  the  walls 
of  fluirclies  were  made  tm  these  occasions. 

It  appears  that  Dr.  Iv  \'eckeiistedl,  a  ineudier  of  the  lierlin  Aiithro- 
])oloj,ncal  Hocietv,  first  pointed  out  tlie  existence  of  these  curi(Mt>  marks  on 
ji  chundi  at  ( 'otlhiis,  i:i  liie  Pion  ince  of  Ihandenhurj^-.  I'i'Ussia.*  'I'hey  werc! 
afterward  iioticd  under  .--imilar  eircumstances  at  (iulieii,  in  the  samo  prov- 
iiice.t  -^fi'-  1''-  f'rieiiel,  iHrectnrof  one  of  the  IJerliu  mu.seums  {M('irl:isclii>s 
rrorhisihtl-Mnsriini).  he  uniinu'  nnuli  interested  in  the  suhject,  succeeded 
in  discovering-  them  on  cliuridies  in  many  otiier  jdaces  of  rliat  province 
(Spandjiii,  I'reiizlan,  Anuciniiimle,  Stniusl)eri4',  Kiirstenwalde  and  N'et.-ichaii). 
He  furliier  f.Hind  the  marks  o;i  churcliesin  I'onieiania  ((  u'eifswald.  Stralsnnd, 
(liitzkow,  La'oan,  .\nklani.  \V(ilna>t,  SaL;ariL  .\heiikirclien,  Ueriivii  on  tiu! 
Island  of  IJii'jcn;  (uistow,  i  l.uisha^en  and  Neiieiikii-cdien  near  ( ireifswald; 
Morircnitzand  Melienthinoii  tile  Island. .f  I'sedom:  Srt'ttin):  and  extendin<-- 
iiis  reseiurhcs  beyond  the  hoimdaries  of  <  ormany.  lie  found  cup-marks  on 
(diiindies  in  Sweden  (Mahin'..  I'psida,  and  U'e\ir>).  Mr.  Woldi  n.>-Ncd 
them  in  flcrlin,  and,  accunlin-  to  Dr.  \'e(d«iisn  't,  thev  <m  -ur  in  (.oslar 
(  llanoMi  I  and  liranswick.  Dr.  \'oss  saw  tlii<-ii!  in  UaireiitlM  l>avaria  )  t  Mr. 
W.  Sciiwarfz  si'iit  tuthe  Anlhroiiolonic.il  Smietyof  lierlin  a  rep(n-t  cmu-ern- 
iii^' cups  on  (•linrclie>  in  llu  I'n.v  iiii'c  of  ^o.s^■n;^^  and  I'rotessor  \  irchow, 
(iuallv.  dis>(.\cnil  iiimself  tiiese  artificial  excavations  on  the  walls  of  ec(desi- 
astic  tuiildiiip-  in  Switzerland  (Tliun  and  liernei  and  in  the  valley  of  tlio 
IMiine  l|       Ma!i\   aihliti.iiial  (liseo\crie>  of  liie  kind  are  to  he  expected. 

■j'he  i'ni->>ian  chnr.dies  uii'wliicli  the>e  curious  markings  lia\c  l)e(^n 
observed,  appei.r  to  lie  mostl\  hiiill  of  brick,  and  tlie  e\ca\.itions,  of  course, 
are  ina<le  in  that  material       Tliey  are  usually,  tliounh  not  always,  lound  on 

•  v-,liuiMami';<'ii.lcrli.Tliiifr.\iilliviiiMi!o,i;i-.clini(;c,.||srli;i.!i -.  SI' /mi);  v.. m  I'.l.  .liiTii  l~rr..S.  is. 
Ilnlil.:  Sii.^iiiij;  Mini -.'I,  ,[iili  1ST7,  S  i.'.'. 
tll)i<l. :  Sitzuii;;  v.im  Hi.  I'lsliriiiir  1-<(S,  S. -j;!. 
*TI»i<'...  Sitziiii;;  viim  l.'i.   Ndvi'ImIht  IST'.l,  S.  IH. 

|H«««|:..  Sitzimi;  V..1I1  t-^.  O.tiiliiT  |S7!I,  S.  :IC, 


88 


CII'SIIAI'r.n  ANU  OTIIKU  LAIMDAIMAN  SClM'TrKKS. 


tlici  sotitliciii  side  ot'  tlic  clmrclics,  iimr  nii  ciitiiiiKM',  and,  as  a  nilc,  plarcd 
within  tlu'  rcai'li  of  a  man's  arm.  'I'lic  cnjis  arc  smaller  tlian  most  (it'tliosi^ 
seen  cm  hlocks,  mcasni-inji-  only  iVdni  two  to  loin-  cciitimc'ters  in  diameter, 
iuul  are  comnionl}' distrihnted  without  apparent  order.  Sonu'times  they  arc 
])artly  executed  on  the  mortar  hi'twcen  tho  bricks,  ii  fact  denionstratinj,'' 
heyond  donht  that  they  were  made  after  the  erection  of  tlut  churches.  Such 
a  cas"  is  well  shown  in  V'\>x.  (II,  repn'sentiiif^-  a  portion  of  th(i  ])ortal  of  the 
Mariciiliinhc  (Saint  .Mar\"s  ( 'Imrch)  at  Greiiswald,  in  I'omerania.*  'J'lie  two 
uppermost  cups,  it  will  lie  seen,  ant  partly  e\cavat(!d  in  the  mortar.  '\\\v 
lowest  course  shows  two  furrows.  In  sonu>  instances  such  markings  have 
been  observed  on  stone-built  churches. 

It  appears  more  than  jirolialile  that  the  practice  of  thus  markinj^-  the 
out.si(U^  of  these  buildings  indicates  the  continuation  of  a  pagan  custom, 
though  in  these  cases  the  cups  may  not  have  the  signiiicanco  of  those  seen 
on  l)oul(lers  and  megalithic  mominieiits.  1  already  lia\'e  e.xjiressed  a  simi- 
lar doubt  while  .^peaking  of  the  cupped  holy-water  liasins.  The  moti\es 
which  induced  i)eophi  in  comparatively  modern  times  to  murk  churches  with 
cups  and  furrows  are  not  yet  known.  The  theory  that  the^-  are  \\\i'  work 
of  children  will  not  explain  the  wide  extent  and  uniformity  of  the  practice, 
though  mischievous  urchins  may  have  anuised  themselves  now  and  then  l)y 
adding  to  the  niuuber  of  markings.f  They  evidently  are  not  bullet-marks, 
as  has  Ijeen  suggested:  in  fact,  none  of  the  \  lews  tims  far  adsauced  to 
account  for  their  presence  appears  to  me  satisfactory.  The  cups  on  churches 
in  Germany  seem  to  have  been  thought  to  possess  healing  qualities.  Fev(fr- 
sick  peoph^  blew,  as  it  wer(?,  th(3  disease  into  the  cavities.  Accorrling  to 
t)thor  accounts,  the  i)atients  swallowed  the  jiowder  produced  in  grinding 
out  the  cups,  'i'he  latter  jiractice  has  not  yet  become  obsolete  in  France; 
for  Professor  Desor  learufil  t'rom  .M.  Falsnn  that  in  the  clnncli  of  \'oanas, 
near  Uourg,  Department  of  the  Ain.  a  largi-  stoite,  called  /.a  I'ici  ><'  fic  Saiitl- 
Lrmp,  i.s  preserved,  into  which  the  sick  and  im])otent  grind  holes,  and  driidc 
the  jiulveri/.ed  matter,  which,  as  they  believe,  cures  the  fever  and  renews 

"Tile  illiisii-.itioii  is  talion  from  :iii  arliilc  1)\  .Miss  Mcstorf.  piililislicil  In  •■.MaliiiaiiN  ".  1 '•<■■'.  1'.  '-"■ 
I  Ijavi'  iiviTspd  ill!' ))nsiiiiiii  of  tlii'  illnslialiDii,  sniiposiiiK  llial  it  waa  wrongly  iiisi'i'Irfl  in  llii<  I'u  mil 
I»t-i  iiMlir.U.      It  at  ftitiniaiiini  ori^iiKil!>  nn<' ol"  Me.  I'l  ii'lrr.s  imMiraluins 

1  VrilunOluijyi'U  ilir  Hirlimi  Aiilliri>l"il<iui.'-i  Inn  (ti'Sfllttdiul't  ;  .SU/nuy  M'Ui  lii.  1  i  Inu.u  l-'T",  S. 'Jfi. 


w^ 


UAiM     OlJPArAHKS  OX  CIIIJUOIIIW— TUIOORIKS  AND  HLFl'EHSTITIONS.     80 


tlin  vitiil  strciintli.  Aiiollicr  stone,  known  as  La  I'icirr  de  Saint-Clciiifiit,  in 
tlui  villa^^i!  of  N'mniiiy,  in  tlio  nbovc-nanied  depfirtnuiiit,  is  used  for  the  same 
purpose.  In  the  Swiss  Canton  of  Valais,  Professor  Desor  fiu'ther  states, 
fiiliuff  persons  drill  into  tlin  stones  of  a  certain  chapel,  and  swallow  the  dust 
thus  obtained.*  Mr.  Friedel  learned  from  u  citizen  of  Grcifswald  that  the 
Clips  were  still  resorted  to  in  his  time  for  charming-  away  the  fever.  The 
niscliofs-Stfiii,  near  Nieme;fk,  mentioned  on  paj^e  24  of  tiiis  ])uljlication,  Mr. 
Friedel  observes,  is  still  visited  by  patients  ajid  rpiack  doctors  who  rub  it 
with  ^^n-ase,  in  order  to  l)rin<^  about  cures.  In  a  l\'.\v  instances,  it  seems, 
the  inside  of  cups  on  German  churches  was  found  to  exhibit  traties  of  grease. 
The  same  gentleman  has  drawn  attention  to  the  anointing  of  stones  prac- 
tised for  rcjligions  purposes  by  the  anciisnt  dews.  lie  refers  to  Genesis 
XXVIII,  IS:  "And  Jacob  roseup  early  in  the  morning,  and  took  the  stone 
that  h(;  had  put  for  his  pillows,  and  set  it  up  for  a  pillar,  and  poured  oil  upon 
the  top  of  it";  and  to  Zechariah  III,  {):  "For  behold  the  stone  that  T  have 
laid  before  Joshua;  upon  one  ston(!  shall  be  seven  eyes;  behold,  I  will 
engrave  the  graving  thereof,  .saith  the  Lord  of  hosts,  and  I  will  remove 
the  iniquity  of  that  land  in  one  day."  The.se  "eyes"  were  anointed  with 
oil.f  Such  customs,  however,  may  have  sprung  up  independently  among 
different  nations. 

There  are  some  curious  popular  traditions  connected  with  the  cup- 
excavations  and  grooves  on  churches  in  Germany.  Thus,  the  grooves  on 
the  cathedral  at  Brunswick  pass  for  the  claw-marks  of  the  lion  said  to  liuve 
followed  Duke  Henry  of  Saxony  and  Bavaria,  surnamed  "the  Lion,"  from 
Palestine  to  Germany.  This  lion,  the  legend  says,  made  the  marks  in  a 
fit  of  rage,  being  unable  to  jiiter  the  church  in  which  his  master  was 
praying  t  In  Posen  a  tradition  refers  the  cups  to  the  souls  of  the  damned, 
who,  during  their  life-time,  never  had  visited  churches.  They  ground  out 
the  cavities  during  the  night,  and  left  them  as  tokens  of  their  despair  at 
not  being  allowed  access  to  the  closed  churches.§     There  are  other  similar 


S.  24. 


•CoiTcspniiiliMiz-Hliilt  (li'i-  Dculsclicii  AMlIiicip(ilni;is(li|.ii  Gpsi'llsclial't,  IHTH,  S.  l.'ifi. 

t  Vprliandluii^'i'ii  ilrr  Hi'iliiicr  Amliroiiiildjtisclii'ii  (j™«llscliu('l ;    Sit/iing  voiii    l(i.   Kcliniar  lH7rt, 

i  Uiiil.,  Sitziini;  v<im  l'.(.  .Iiiui  IST.'i,  S.  IS. 
vUpkI..  .Sitz-iiuj;  vciiu  l.'i.  NovcuiIh^i-  1-<71I.  S.  I'.i. 


90 


ClM'SIIAI'llI)  AND  ()Tlli;it  LAl'IDAItfAN  S(J[JLl'Tri{KS. 


stdiii's  tnld,  tn  wliicli  1  will  not  iillndo,  as  tlicy  liavc  no  sciciitilic  valiio 
whatever,  hiit  simply  sliow  the  cmreiit  of  popular  t'ancv. 

It  is  to  1)(^  hoped  that  the  ell'orts  of  I'liiropoan  savants — nioro  especiiilly 
of  those  of  (ierniany,  who  show  so  nmeh  interest  In  the  matter — will  ulti- 
mately res\ilt  in  idearinLi'  nj)  the  mystery  tiiat  still  shnaids  the  ori;;iu  and 
moaninji;'  of  cup-excavations  and  grooves  on  ecclesiastic,  structures. 

I  have  to  allude  once  mcu-e  to  Mr.  llivett-Caniac's  remarkable  discov- 
eries ill  India,  and  to  the  vit^ws  thereon  liased  hy  him.  No  oni^  who  has 
«3XJimined  his  p\il)licatious  in  connertion  with  those  of  Simpson  and  Tate  can 
help  a(hnittinfj  the  strikinj''  rosend)lance  between  the  cup  and  rin}j;--cutting8 
of  India  and  Great  Britain.  Indeed,  his  theory  that  the  jirimitive  rock  und 
stone-scidptures  of  those  countries  were  executed  l)y  people  akin  in  race, 
following'  similar  customs,  and  observin;,''  similar  forms  of  worshij),  deserves 
the  hiii'hest  attention.  Yet,  after  all,  we  deal  here  for  the  present  with  ii 
speculation  ami  luit  witli  an  established  fact.  The  necessary  evidences, 
based  upon  the  discovery  of  cup  and  riui,''-car\  int^s  in  various  countries  of 
the  Old  World,  wliere  thus  far  they  have  not  been  shown  to  exist,  are  nt 
present  Mantinn'.  If  tlu^y  should  come,  to  lin-ht  in  the  course  of  time,  we 
may  l)e  allowed  to  construct  the  etlm(doj;ical  chain  which  is  still  im[)erfect. 

Professor  Desor's  .Vryan  theory,  as  nivcn  in  a  preceding  part  of  this 
l>ublIcation.  ap|)ears  to  me  truly  captivating,  although  the  difliculties  just 
alluded  'o  have,  ;if  course,  also  to  be  ovi'rcome  in  this  case.  In  fact,  j\Ir. 
liivett-l  1'  •  and  Professor  Desor  are  aiming  at  similar  results.  The  last- 
named  , 'man's  view,  formulated  with  great  distinctness,  wonhl  teiul  to 
establisu  ,t  kind  of  archicological  harmony,  by  reducing,  as  it  wens,  u 
numl)er  of  factors,  hitiierlo  not  pi'operly  connected,  to  a  single  i)rinclple. 
Leaving  aside  for  a  nio\nent  the  ([uestiou  touching  megalithic  monuments 
and  primitive  sculptures,  how  well  would  this  theory  exjtlain  tlie  gap 
existing  between  paheolithic  and  neolithic  implements,  and  likewise  the 
introduction  of  domestic  animals  so  characteristic  of  the  era  of  [)olisiied 
stone.  The  opinion  that  the  .Vryans  were  still  in  tlie  stone  age  at  the 
])eriod  of  tiieir  (lis]iersi(in  prol),i])ly  ^\\\]  nain  more  and  more  ground;  but 
tlie  (piestion  coiiceniing  the  original  home  of  this  people,  the  existence  of 
which    was  traced    in   a    manner   s(»mewhat    analogous    to   ih.it    bv    which 


i;.\r  1 


Tiii;(H!ii:s  or  kksou  and  luvicTTrAUNAc 


01 


l.cvcnicr  (liftcdvcrcd  the  plaiii't  Nt'ptiiiit',  i«  still  iiu  upcn  otic.  It  .slioiild 
iilso  l)c  (•((MsidiMX'd  tliiit,  tlioiifi'li  till'  Maliiidoo-worsliipiiijf  Saiviis  an^  (as  1 
jiidgo)  iiKirc  or  less  iiiodilicd  Aryans,  lliu  Kliasias  ol'  Bciiffal,  wliu  arc  proiii- 
illOlltly  iiH'Ulioucd  as  tlic  iiiodcru  builders  cil'  iiic^alitliic  striicliircs,  Ixioii;^- 
to  a  totally  dillVrciil  race.  "It  is  at  all  cvi'Uts  woilliy  of  remark,"  says 
Miss  Biicklaiid,  '"that  tliosts  who  now  in  India  Imild  croMdeclis,  erect  pillars 
and  circles  of  stones,  and  construct  miniature  kistvaens,  are  not  the  dom- 
inant Aryan  lace,  but  the  dark-skinned  abori;jines,  descendants  of  the  pre- 
Aryan  occupiers  oi'  the  soil,  and  that  in  every  country  westward,  wherein 
these' monuments  an;  found,  tliey  an;  traditionally  associated  with  a  lonj;'- 
forjrotten  race.  It  is  remarkable,  too,  that  some  are  assij^ned  to  i^ianls  and 
soni.'  to  dwarfs."*  Similar  tnulitions,  it  will  be  rememliered,  an-  reconled 
by  Mr.  Uivett-Carnac. 

After  all  that  has  l)ei;n  said  concernin;;-  the  si^nilicance  of  the  cup  and 
rinii-scul])tures  in  the  Old  World,  I  hanlly  venture  to  ofVer  an  opim'on  of 
my  own.  However,  it  ai)pears  lo  me  that  the  close  conneclioii  Ijctweeii 
cups  and  riui^'s  has  not  been  sufliciently  considered.  It  certainlv  appears 
that  both  belonn'  to  one  system  of  primitive  scnl[iture,  of  which  the  former 
seem  to  be  the  earlier  expression  :  and  If,  indeed,  the  combined  cups  and 
rin<.5s  an'  what  Mr.  K'lvett-C'aruac  thinks  them  to  be,  a  kindn'd  purport 
should  be  assin-ned  to  those  cup-excavations  which  occur  without  circles 
am'  radial  t;-n)oves  on  rocks  and  stones  in  I'^iirojie  and  .\sia.  I  (  annot  .see 
how  these  two  kinds  of  sculi)ture  can  1)(;  sejiarated  tVom  each  other,  unless 
by  supposing-  that  the  primary  application  of  the  cu|)s  was  simpl\-  of  a 
l)ractieal  nature,  and  that  afterwanl,  (nvin^;-  to  the  force  of  habit,  they  were 
made  to  enter  into  the  composition  of  more  elaborate  carvini;s  of  an  entirelv 
dilTerent  character.     This,  however.  '\a  rather  doubtful. 

'rtn'uhiy'  to  .\merlc;i,  we  iind  the  dllliculty  of  approacliIiiL;-  •■nnthimi- 
like  a  solution  of  the  pn>blem  still  lireater.  considerinL;-  that  hen'  as  \-et  tlu; 
inimber  of  discovered  cup-stones  is  bv  far  too  small  to  pei'init  the  merest 
attempt  at  <,a'neralizi.tion.  As  to  the  smaller  North  American  cup-stones,  I 
have  expressed,  lliou,",h  in  a  <^'uarded  manner,  mv  opinions  concernlnii'  their 


•  Illlclvl^Mll  (Miss  A.  W.U    Nol.  s,,M  sdlllr  ('(.rilisll  .lllii    llisll  rn-I,i..i,iiir  Mnni ■u\> 

111  ■  .Viillir.i|M>lii;,'i(iil  Iiisiiinlr  cif  (a-rdl   liril ;iiii  ;iiiil  liihinil;   N..vii;iliri'.  l--7fi. 


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92 


CUP-SIIAPKI>  AND  OTHER  LAPIDAUIAN  SCULPTUUKS. 


|)n>1)nble  npplicniion — opinions  which  I  nni  roady  to  iibtindon,  n»  Hoctn  hh 
more  sntisfiK'toiy  «'xplanations  are  brought  forward.  Hegiirding  the  larger 
North  American  cupped  stones,  more  especially  that  belonging  to  the  Cin- 
cimiati  Society  of  Natural  History,  I  am  tinable  for  the  |)ro8ent  to  offer  the 
slightest  elucidation. 

The  question  naturally  arises,  whetlier  the  practice  of  excavating  cups 
in  rocks  was  introduced  in  America  by  inunigrants  from  abroad,  or  whether 
it  sprang  up  spontaneously  in  the  New  World.  Being  a  believer  in  the 
Darwinian  doctrine  of  evolution,  I  consider  man  as  a  foreign  element  in 
America.  My  reasons  for  that  belief  need  not  be  given  in  this  place:  they 
are  known  to  all  who  follow  in  the  wake  of  the  great  English  naturalist. 
I  am  further  of  opinion  that  the  present  American  continent  received  its 
population  at  a  very  remote  period,  when,  perhaps,  the  distribution  of  land 
and  sea  was  different  from  what  it  is  now.  The  earliest  inunigrants  may 
have  been  so  low  in  the  scale  of  human  developinent  that  they  yet  lacked 
the  faculty  of  expressing  thein.selves  in  articulate  language.*  However,  it 
can  hardly  be  supposed  that  the  peopling  of  America  took  place  at  a  cer- 
tain time  and  was  discontinued  afterward :  on  the  contrary,  there  are  reasons 
which  render  a  continueii  connection  with  distant  parts,  more  especially 
with  Asia,  highly  probable.  The  innate  tendency  whi'  h  leads  man  inde- 
pendently in  different  parts  of  the  world  to  the  same  or  similar  invtMitions 
and  conceptions,  provided  that  there  is  a  sufficient  similaritj'  in  the  external 
conditions  of  existence,  will  account  for  nniny  customs  and  practices  of  the 
aboriginal  American ;  but  it  fails  to  explain,  for  instance,  the  highly  arti- 
ficial and  complicated  system  of  reckoning  time,  which  was  in  vogue  among 
the  Titltecs,  Mexicans  and  Yucatecs,  and  was  almost  identical  witli  the 
sy.stem  still  applied  in  Thibet  and  Tartary.  It  hardly  can  be  imagined  that 
a  method  so  intricate  and  jjcculiar  in  its  ])rlnciple  could  have  originated  in 
different  parts  <»f  the  world,  ami  hence  one  is  almost  driven  to  believe  in 
later  connections  between  the  inlia1)itants  of  Asia  and  America.f 

*  III  wliat  otlicr  wiiy  ciin  wo  acvoiint  for  tb»  totiillv  iliviTse  eharacteriittk-)i  of  llic  iiiiiiicriniii  lin 
({iiiKlir  liiiiiilU'n  of  Aiiit'rii'nf 

t  Tlmw  (lf>ii<nis  of  iiion^  pri'iisn  inforniatinii  cm  tin'  siili.jt'rt  will  tiiiil  it  in  HiiiiiIhiIiIi'h  "  Viii-s  ilea 
Conlilliri'M"  (I'lirix,  lr<l(i,  |i,  l'J.'>-l<.M),  or  in  tlir  Iriiimliilion  of  t  but  work,  kiitiwii  an  "  Iliiiiiliolill'n  lio- 
Benirhi's"  (Luniluii,  If'U,  Vol.  1,  p.  'JTii-HW),  aiud  iu  Tylor'-s  "  Aimliuiio"  (Luudou,  1*11,  p.  8tl,  ntc). 


RA0.) 


CONCIUDINO  REMARKS. 


93 


Tho  oups  on  tlio  Cincinnati  boulder  are  |)erf©ctly  similar  to  those  on 
many  stones  in  tho  Old  World,  and  it  is  probable  that  they  owe  their  origin 
to  tho  same  motives.  If  these  motives  arose  from  some  religious  concep- 
tion, we  might  foel  inclined  to  trace  the  origin  of  American  cup-cutting 
to  Asia.  Hut  if,  on  tho  other  hand,  the  cups  were  designed  for  n  practical 
purpo.se,  the  custom  of  excavating  them  may  have  sprung  up  in  America  as 
well  as  elsewhere. 

My  task  is  now  finished.  It  was  my  chief  object  to  draw  attention  to 
a  very  curious  class  of  North  American  antiquities  as  yet  but  little  known, 
and  thus  to  bring  them  within  the  range  of  a  closer  observation,  which 
possibly  may  lead  to  a  better  undorstjxnding  of  their  meaning.  As  stated 
on  the  title-page,  I  have  tried,  moreover,  to  present  the  subject  under  dis- 
cussion in  its  entirety — a  mode  of  treatment  which,  I  hope,  will  not  be 
deemed  an  objectionable  feature  of  this  publication. 


SUPPi.EMEXTARY  NOTE. 

Wliiln  troatiii}?  in  tlie.se  pajfos  of  primitive  Ainerican  sculptures  hcar- 
iiijr  some  analofry  to  those  observed  in  the  Old  World,  I  ouiittod  to  mention 
the  incised  rock  in  Forsyth  County,  Geor<ria,  hrieHy  described  and  fi<,nired 
by  ('(donel  ( 'harles  ( '.  Jones  on  pajres  (]4  and  (I")  of  the  "Journal  ot  the  An- 
thropolo^ri<.al  Institute  of  New  York"  (Vol.  I,  New  York,  l.s71-'72).  The 
sniijoined  illustrations  are  those  published  by  Colonel  Jones,  who  kindly 
loaned  mo  the  wood-cuts. 


Niirtii  Hitlr  iirNi-utpluriMl  nu-k  in  Ktir-^Ntli  C.iuutx,  <ii>nri;i». 


Siuitli  »\'U-  nllli.'  iilmv.'. 

Here  follows  his  description: — 

"In  Forsyth  County,  (iet)r<,na,  is  a  carved  or  incised  boulder  of  fine- 
{fniined  j-ranite,  about  nine  feet  lon<r,  four  feet  six  inches  hij^h,  and  three 
feet  broad  at  its  widest  point.  The  tij-iires  are  cut  in  the  boulder  from 
one-half  to  three-quarters  of  an  inch  deep. 


.,.M 


90 


(UP  SHAPED  ANF)  OTHER  LAPIUAIMAN  8(1  LPTL'RES. 


"As  y«'t  lU)  iiiti'iprt'tation  of  tlioso  fi<rurcs  has  boon  »)ffero<l,  nor  J«  it 
known  by  whom  or  for  what  purposo  thoy  woro  tnado;  but  it  is  {fonerallv 
believed  they  woro  the  work  of  tlio  Chorokoes.  On  tho  eastern  end  of  the 
boulder,  running:  vertically,  is  a  line  of  dots,  like  tlrill-holes,  eighteen  in 
number,  connected  by  an  incised  line." 

The  character  of  the  sculptures  being  shown  by  the  illustrations,  I  need 
not  add  any  further  remarks. 


SUMMARY. 

Introduction.— Pierrcs  A  ecuelks,  Srhalcnstrinr,  cup-stones,  (It'fiiiitioii; 
reference  to  Prof.  Desor's  pamplilet  entitled  "  hes  I'ierres  t'l  ftcuelles",  p.  7.— 
Occurrence  of  cup-stones  in  America,  p.  8. 

Part  I. — Primitive  Lapidarian  Sculptures  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

Scotland,  f/r.— "Archaic  Sculptures  of  Cups,  Circles,  etc.,  upon  Stones 
and  Hocks  in  Scotland,  Knj,'land,  and  other  Countries,"  l»y  Prof.  .1.  Y.  Simp- 
son; occurrence  of  cup-shaped  cavities  and  other  primitive  sculptures  in 
the  liritish  Islands,  more  especially  in  Scotland,  on  nu'^ralithic  monuments, 
in  weems  or  underjjround  houses,  in  fttrtified  buildings,  in  and  near  aiu-ient 
towns  and  caaips,  on  the  surface  of  i.solated  rocks,  on  isolated  stones,  p.  9- 
10. — Simpson's  Ja.ssification  of  primitive  sculptures:  sinjrle  cujt.s  cups  sur- 
rounded hy  a  sinj,'le  rin<;,  cups  surrounded  by  a  serios  of  concentric  c«mu- 
plete  rings,  cups  surrounded  by  a  series  of  concentric  but  inc(»mplete  rings, 
having  a  straight  radial  groove,  cups  surrounded  by  concentric  rings  and 
flexed  lines,  concentric  rings  without  a  central  cup,  concentric  circular  lines 
of  the  form  of  a  spiral  or  vcdute,  p.  10-11.— Chief  deviations  from  .he 
principal  type.<:  cups  connected  by  grooves;  examples  of  Scottish  cup  and 
ring-cuttings;  megalithic  structures,  etc.,  mentioned  by  Prof  Simpson, 
which  exhibit  cup-cavities  unaccompanied  by  other  sculj)tures,  p.  11-14. 

7;;////«W(/.— Uuference  to  Mr.  (Jeorge  Tate's  work  "The  Ajicient  Hritish 
Sculptured  Rocks  of  Northumlyerland  ami  the  Kastcrn  Borders";  Northum- 
i)rian  sculptures  analogous  to  those  liitherto  considered;  absence  of  the  spiral 
line;  cups  always  accompanied  by  other  designs;  the  sculptures  occur  on 
megalith".'  monuments  or  within  or  near  ancient  camps,  p.  l.'»-l(i.— Small 
cup-stones  discovered  by  Rev.  \Villian>  Greenwell  in  British  barrows;  they 


I    L  S 


97 


98 


Cri'HIIAI'KI)  AM)  OTIIMK  LAI'IDAIMAN  SCrM'TlUKS. 


jfcncnilly  were  ftniiul  in  Imiitows  coiitaiiiiD^r  liunu'tl  liiitnaii  rciniiins,  p.  Ifi- 
17. 

Inland — Ciij)  and  rinfj-cnttinfjs  iunnd  in  Ireland;  they  arc  <»fton  asso- 
ciaU'd  with  otlicr  di'\  ic(>s,  such  as  stars,  rosettes,  crosses,  trian;,des,  zi^fza^^s, 
etc.;  "the  lla;>'s  Chair"  at  Iion<fh  Crew,  near  Ohh-a.stK*;  incised  stones  in 
the  cairn  at  IiOn<r|i  (Irew,  and  in  the  cairns  of  New  (Jranifc  and  Dowtli, 
near  I)ro;rheihi:  |)ro;rresHive  d'jv»do|»nient  sliown  in  Irish  scnlptnre,  p.  17-lM. 

Fnuia: — SculptnrcH  on  d«dnien-stones  in  IJrittany,  exliiliitin;r  an  ad- 
vanced stajfc  «d"  prinntive  art;  incised  chandu-r-stones  in  the  tnnndns  of 
(Savr  Inis;  cnp-cnttin;.''H  in  Hrittany,  p.  IS-II). — Cnpped  stones  in  Soiith(>rn 
France;  "I/-  C;iiliiai»n  des  I'onrics,"  near  Lnclion  (Pyrenees);  in  the  valley 
of  the  Klione;  "  La  Honle  de  ( Jarj^antua"  in  the  Department  of  the  Ain; 
cu|)pe(l  rock  in  silu  in  tlu'  Lozcre  department,  ]>.  l!'-'2(>. 

SwiUtrldiiil. — Frecpiency  of  cnpjted  Ixudders  in  Switzerland;  cnpped 
rock  near  .Mont-la-\'ille,  Canton  of  Vaud;  Dr.  Ferdinand  Keller's  memoir 
on  Swiss  cnp-stones;  capped  honlders  in  tlu*  nei;>;hl)orhood  of  ISieinie  and 
Ziirich;  oidyone  case  of  rin^'-cnttin^^s  thus  far  known  in  Switzerland;  small 
cnp-.-tones  found  near  lacustrine  stations  in  the  Lake  of  Xeuchatel ;  Dr.  Kel- 
ler's views  le^^ardin;,'  these  stones,  p.  21-J'.'. 

(iarmanif  (iiid  Aiisfria. — Cnp-stones  not  yet  discovered  in  Southern  (icr- 
many,  hut  doubtless  will  he  found ;  cup-stone  near  FckernfiJrde  (Schles- 
wi^f) ;  Miss  . I.  Mestorfs  einnneration  of  cnp-stones  thus  far  noticed  in  the 
duchies  of  Scldeswi;j and  ilolstein;  condiination  of  cups  with  wheel-shaped 
ti^rures  and  rin<,'s  (note);  cup-stone  with  runic  characters  tin  one  side.  p.  2:'- 
24. — Cup-cuftin;.'»*  on  nie^falithic  monuments  in  the  Islaiul  of  Kii<ren ;  on 
rocks  ill  ditferent  parts  of  Silesia  ;  the  "  Hi.scdutfs-Stein"  in  Hrandenhin-','', 
Prussia;  Mr.  Frieilel  on  cup-marks  on  churches  in  (iermany  and  Sweden; 
cup-stone  near  Oher-Farrenstiidt  in  I  Vussian  Saxony  ;  the  "  Kiesenstein" 
near  Meissen,  Saxony;   Dr.  .M.  Much  on  cnp-stones  in  Austria,  p.  24-2."». 

Ihuiii(uh\ — Dr.  II.  Petersen's  article  on  primitive  lapidarian  sculpturi's 
in  Deinnark,  called  flcllni.sfiiinffcr  in  that  country;  cii|i-cuttinfi-s  fotnal  in 
most  of  the  Danish  islands  and  in  .liitland,  on  erratic  blocks  as  well  as  on 
stones  of  me^falithic  structures;  these  sculptures  referable  in  many  ca.ses  to 
the  stone  ajre,  in  others  to  the  bronze  jM-riod;  cup-stones  with  later  nunc 


KAI'  1 


aUMMAUY. 


no 


iiiMrriptioiH;  nrtiticial  foot-tnuikH  on  stoiioH  holoiifrin^  to  liiiriiil-Htruotiiros, 
p.  '2^)-'21. — \Vlu'«'l-slia|M'(l  rii-iil|)tiii'('s  on  isolated  lilocks  and  nic^ralithic  nion- 
inncntH:  tlioyuro  llioii^'lit  to  pertain  to  tlu>  a^roH  of  Mone  and  Iminze;  Honio- 
tinie«  assoeiated  witli  rude  desii,'n,s  id' ships;  ;jronp  seen  on  tin*  rap-stone  of 
a  fuiu'i-al  eluunlter  near  Ilerrestrnp  in  S«'eland;  ship-scnlptnres  pi-olmldy 
refei'ahle  to  the  hron/.e  a^^e:  siniihir  (h'si<rns  on  hron/.e  knives  or  ra/.ors; 
abseil.  ;  of  senlptures  on  loeks  in  silit  in  Denmark,  p.  'J7-2iS. 

Sivnirti.  —  hiversity  of  priniitiNe  sculptnres  in  Sweden;  the  cupped 
<;Tanit«*  honhhu*  called  tlie  Haal  or  Haider  8tono,  in  tlie  nei;;id)orhood  of 
l''idkr>pin<r;  a  sacriticial  altar  nsod  in  i{aal-worslii|),  acconlin^  to  Prof  Sven 
Nilsson-  other  Swedish  <Mip-stones;  th«y  are  called «7/v/r«rtr,  or  «dfstones,  p. 
2H-2SJ. — Uonlders  in  Scania  with  t-np-excavations  and  whe<d-shaped  sculp- 
tures; slal»  from  a  Scanian  tnnuihis,  called  Willfarahilj;,  shows  desi;.'ns  of  u 
chariot  and  of  ships,  an<l,  in  addition,  cnps  of  earlier  date;  description 
of  the  tnnndus,  which  is  as«'ribed  to  the  i>ronz«>  aj,'*-  by  Prof  Nilsson; 
analo^fy  between  the  desi^^ns  on  tiu'  slab  from  the  Willfarji  tnnndns  and 
those  on  the  chamlter-sttMies  of  the  Kivik  nioiuiment  in  Scania;  these  struc- 
tures ascrilied  l)y  Nilsson  to  Haal-worshipin<r  PhoMiicians;  description  of  the 
Kivik  scnl|»tin-es;  absence  of  cn))-cnttinjfs;  the  Kivik  monument  and  simi- 
lar Scanian  structiucs  claime(l  for  Denmark  by  Dr.  Petersen;  Scandinavian 
sc(dptures  on  natural  rock-surfaces;  |)articidarly  frecpient  in  the  Liin  of 
Hohus;  represent  scenes  of  war  and  huntin<f,  manned  and  empty  ships,  etc.; 
ascribed  by  some  to  the  bronze-n<re  ])eo|)le,  but  by  Prof  Nils.son  to  the 
Vikiuffs  of  the  ei^rhth  and  ninth  centuries,  p.  'J'.I-.'U. 

luilia. — ('np-stoncs  foun<l  in  India;  importance  of  their  occurrence; 
analogy  between  the  me^alithic  monuments  of  India  and  those  of  (Jreat 
Hritain  pointed  (»ut  by  Col.  M.  Taylor  and  Dr.  Wilson;  later  discoveries  in 
India  by  Mr.  .1.  II.  Hivett-Carnac;  his  wrilin;rs;  he  explores  tumuli  near 
tlunapani,  in  the  district  of  Na;;poor;  traditions  rolatiufif  to  them,  p.  .U-.'t'i. — 
De.scription  of  these  tnnuili:  cnp-cuttin<rs  on  blocks  surronndinj,''  them,  but 
no  rinji-sculptures;  articles  found  in  the  tumuli,  p.  ."i2-3.'^ — ( 'up-s<'ulpfures 
discovered  by  Ikivett-Carnac  on  stones  and  rocks  in  situ  in  tlu;  mountains 
of  Kumaon;  temple  of  .Mahadeo  at  Chandeshwar;  cup  and  rinji-cutti-ifi-son 
a  rock  in  the  vicinity;  legends  relating  to  these  sculptures;   "Mahadeo,"  a 


KK)         OUI'^IIAPKn  ANI>  OTIIKIt  LAPIDAUIAN  HCCI.ITIIUKS. 


|."'; 


nanio  jfivon  to  Siva;  hit*  clinrartcr  In  lliiidno  iiiytlioloj^y,  p.  .'rj-.*l4. — W«»r- 
Hliip  of  jMahadoo  and  Yoni  in  India;  tlu;ir  cnnvtMitional  r(>|>n>H<>ntationM  in 
jjoneral;  in  the  Cliandeshwar  temple,  p.  .'5J-35. — TIh'V  rcHenible  llio  rock- 
H(*idptHi'eH  in  tlio  nei^hborliood;  deHcription  ttt'  the  (Miandeslnvar  t(>niph>; 
Maliadoo  HynihoU  (»f  difl'erent  kindn;  thoHct  of  the  poorer  chiHs  ron;;hlv  cnt 
ont  on  Htone  xhilis,  p.  S/J-.'IG. — Temph'H  near  ('han«U»8hwar  hiiih  in  imitation 
of  Maliadeo  Hyniholn;  cnstoniH  in  the  I'linjah  r(datin<r  to  Mahadeo-wornhip; 
Mr.  Itiveft-C'arnae'H  conrhision:  ho  connectM  the  me<>:alithi(>  nionnnientM  and 
primitive  scnipttires  of  Knropo  with  those  of  India,  p.  3C-.'IS. — Previourt 
discovery  of  enpped  houUlers  on  the  bankn  of  the  Indus  ((^aslnnere)  by 
Dr.  WTchere;  the  cnps  considered  by  liiin  as  the  resnhH  of  jrlaeial 
action;  Prof.  Deaor  refutes  this  erroneous  view;  Prof  Desor's  inferences: 
ho  aiscribes  European  cuj)  and  rinjy-cuttings,  nie<^alithic  monuments,  etc., 
to  Aryan  innni<rrants,  their  arrival  markin<r  the  beginninjr  of  the  neolithic 
period,  p.  3S-;J!t. 

Part  II. — PrhiiHiir  Lnpiddiiati  ^vitlplurrs  in  Amvr'ua. 

North  Atnt'iira. — I lannner-stones  (so-called)  in  the  United  States;  in 
Kurope;  their  application;  cannttt  have  been  used  in  linishing  tliiit  iniple- 
n>ent8  of  superior  workmanship;  methods  of  chipping  Hint  among  modern 
N(»rth  American  Indians,  p.  41-4'.*. — Pitted  stones;  many  of  them  not 
bruised  at  their  circumference,  and  consecpiently  not  applied  as  suppo.sed ; 
speculations  as  to  their  use;  perhaps  employed  in  breaking  hard-shelled 
fruits,  p.  42-43. — Nuts  as  an  article  of  ft>od  among  the  North  American  In- 
dians; "  nut-.stone8  "  Hrst  described  by  Col.  Charles  C.  Jones,  p.  43-45. — 
Small  cup-8t«>i  •  with  a  cavity  on  one  side  or  on  both  ;  used  as  paint-mor- 
tars, p.  4r)-46. — (^up-stones  of  larger  size  with  a  nuudjer  of  cavities,  per- 
liaj)s  pfMut-niortars;  Zufii  paint-cups  of  earthenware  ;  pestle  with  cup-shaped 
cavity  obtained  from  the  Tcsu(pie  Indians,  p.  4(i-4H. — A  cup-stone  from 
Ohio  described  by  Messrs.  Sqnier  and  Davis;  its  transfer  to  the  lilackmorc 
Museum  (Knghnul) ;  Mr.  K.  T.  Stevens's  view  concerning  this  stone,  |>.  4S- 
4!*. — Cup-stones  frecpient  in  ( )hit) ;  calleil  spindle-socket-stones  by  Col. 
Charles  Whittlesey  ;  Adair  on  the  method  of  spinning  among  the  Southern 
Indians;    spindles  u.sed  by  the  Navajo.s,    Pueblo    Indians,    etc.;    no   an- 


UAIT  I 


SlIMMAltY. 


101 


fii'iit  H|)iii(ll«>-wli(>rlM  t'niind  iiortli  of  Moxini  in  tlut  lIiiitcMl  HtatcH  Natiitiiiil 
MiiHoiiiii;  M«^xicim  Npiiullc-wliorls,  p.  4t>-r»(). — (Vnirrcnco  of  lai')^«>  ciipiKMl 
MiM-ks  ill  liio  I'liitcd  States;  Haii<lstori(>  l»lo<-k  witli  ru|M'avitios  iliH«>nv(>r«-<l 
liy  Dr.  11.  li.  Hill  ill  l^awroim)  Coniity,  Oliio,  and  |)rt'Ht'iit«*d  by  liini  to  tliu 
( 'inciiinnti  Society  of  Natural  IliHtory;  dost-ription  of  tliu  block;  other 
ciippt'd  blocks  ill  Adaiii.s  County,  Ohio,  p.  fiO-^'J. — Lar/ft)  cupped  ^rnmito 
IkmiKUm'  discovered  by  Huv.  .loliii  .F.  McCook  at  Niantic,  N«*w  London 
County,  ConiKM'ticnt;  description  of  this  boulder,  ji.  f>'_'-r)l. — Cupped  (f) 
lilock  seen  by  Captain  Dupai.x  near  Oriicaba,  Mexico,  and  describe<l  by  him, 
p  .'il-r»(i. — Itocks  and  boulders  with  mortar-cavities,  or  stationary  mortars, 
in  the  Unitetl  States;  noticed  by  Col.  Charles  C.  .loiies  in  Cieor;,na;  lliiii- 
t«'r's  statement  rejjfanliiiff  such  mortars;  lar^e  Ixmlder  with  mortar-cavities 
near  Nebniska  City;  descril>ed  by  I'rof  Sam.  Aii^diey  ;  rocks  with  mortar- 
cavities  seen  l»y  Mr.  .lolin  l{.  Hartlett  in  'i'exasand  Mexico,  p  r»(i-'»7. — They 
are  frcMpieiit  in  California  ;  two  lafjfeoiies  in  Santa  Mari)araCoiintj"  deseriberl 
by  Mr.  Stephen  Mowers,  p.  ^}^-'y*^. — The  st(Uies  called  picrrca  a  ba-ssitif!  in 
French  and  Muldctisti'mr  in  (ierinan  probably  .stationary  iiuu'tars  in  some 
instances;  a  Swiss  exaini)le  f'iveii,  p.  5'J-(>(). — Kock-sciilptures  recalliii}^ 
those  of  the  Old  World  on  Hald  Friar  Ifock  in  the  Susquehanna  Hiver, 
Maryland;  the  rock  examined  by  Mr.  F.  fi.  (Salbraith;  character  of  the 
sculptures;  soiiu'  resembliii},''  the  eii<fruved  Mahadeos  of  India,  j).  C()-G2. — 
A  .Maliadeo-like  ti^riirc  aiiioii<>:  other  designs  carved  on  a  block  in  the  (iila 
Valley;  Mr.  llartlett's  vi«'ws  refrardinjf  Indian  rock-sculptures;  en^jnived 
fi}i;ures  on  a  rock  in  the  San  I'ete  Valley,  Utah,  noticed  by  Lieut.  J.  W. 
(iuiinisoii;  .Mormon  translation  of  the  inscription,  p.  ().'5-()4. — !{ock-paintin<r 
amon^'  the  Klamath  Imlians  in  (be;fon:  a  painted  rock  described  by  \h\ 
.lames  S.  Deiiisoii;  character  of  the  (ijjures;  Dr  iJeni.son's  comments  on 
the  subject,  p.  Oa-(i(l. 

('I'Htrtil  Anwriai. — Pr.  Itertludd  Seeiiiann  examines  in  Chiritpii,  I'nited 
States  of  ('(doinbia,  rock-sculptures,  which  lu  -onsiders  aiialo;^ous  to  those 
of  Xorthumlieiland,  Scotland,  ami  other  parts  of  (Jreat  Hritain  ;  tho  iihtlia 
Ithitol  near  th<'  town  of  David  described  Ity  him;  his  conclusions  based  upon 
the  similarity  of  the  Chiritiui  and  Kuropean  sculptures,  p.  Gfi-O'J. 


i 


m 


III 


P 


I 


102 


rri'HIlAI'KI)  ANI>  OTIIKU  LAIMh.VIMAN  S<MT|,n'r|{KS. 


Part  ///. —  Vini's  vnucrruhifj  the  Sifftiijiniure  uf  Cuihsliupnl  and  uthrr  Piimilhr 

SiHlitturcs. 

TIh'  MiiltK'r  Stom>,  near  Falkopin};,  S\vt>(l«'ii :  lii'Hl  tlcMcrilH-d  l»y  IVof. 
Nilssoii,  wlio  cotiHidt'i-s  it  iirt  u  xiu'rilifiiil  nltar  iimmI  in  tlio  wnrMliip  nl' 
Haul;  tlio  Willfaru  hIuI)  Hiinilarly  «*iii|))i)yc<l,  afcoriliii;;  to  Imh  o|>iiiiuii ; 
ho  aHrrilH'H  tlio  introiliK-tidti  of  Itmiix.**  in  tlic  North  of  Kiiropo  to  Maiil- 
W(»i'shi|)in)r  I'liiriiiciaiiH,  wlio  lia<l  cMtablishol  Hctth-iiiciit.t  in  those  parfs  I'or 
thi>  purpoHu  of  trailing'  with  the  nativcH;  tho  scnlptnrnl  )-oni-«*ntri«t  cinh-s 
n-;rar<lf(l  liyhiin  ast'nilth'niaticnf  snn  (or  llaal)  -woi-Hhip;  tht-ir  siniihiiitv  to 
ornanicntH  s«'«'n  on  weaponrt  and  otlifi*  ohjcfts  «)f  tiio  hron/o  a^i-  and  early 
iron  a<;o ;  Sir  John  hnlilxick's  review  of  IVofessor  Nilsson's  IMiienieian 
theory,  |).  71-74. — IVof.  Nilsson's  visit  to  Ireland;  he  helieves  in  a 
I'hteiiieian  orijjin  of  tlitM-airns  of  Dowtli  and  NewiJninf^e;  the  li;,ditin<; 
of  the  Midsnnnner's-ni;^ht  (ire  in  Ireland  re^nirded  hy  him  as  a  survival 
of  former  Haal-worship;  the  structures  (»f  Avehury  and  Stonehen;;e 
in  Kn*rland  supposed  to  lie  Phienieiai.  iemples  dedicated  to  tli(>  sun- 
)rod ;  discussion  <»f  Nilsson's  theory  hy  I'rof.  Simpson,  who  is  iuclin<Ml 
to  ascrihe  a  Cimlirian  ori^'in  to  the  Kivik  scidptnres;  Prof.  Nilsson's 
views  not  f^enerally  acceptetl ;  value  of  his  work  on  the  hron/ea^'e;  its 
translation  hy  Miss  ^festorf,  p  7l-7'». — I'se  (»f  cupped  houlders  as  altars 
(h>nhlfnl ;  other  views  concerninjj  .itones  with  cup  and  rin<,'-srulptures; 
rejfarded  as  archaic  maps;  as  contrivances  f»)r  reckoiun<f  time;  as  ;;and)lin^f 
tables;  the  sculptures  supposed  to  r.-jtresent  the  hoavenly  bodies;  eiinm(>ra- 
tions  of  tribes;  some  kind  of  archaic  writing,'';  s«'rveil  in  drnidical  rites; 
indicative  of  Itoman  Mithras-worship;  all  the.se  theories  rej<'cted  by  I'rof. 
Simpson,  p.  ll)-ll. — The  inarkin;fs  have  no  bearin<f  on  the  worship  of 
the  reciprocal  principles  of  nature,  accordiu','  to  I'rof.  Simp.son ;  this 
view  refuted  by  Mr.  IJivett-Carnac,  p.  77-7S. — ("up  and  riii;4-cnltin>rs 
♦•onsidered  by  I'rof.  Simpson  as  e.\|»ressive  of  some  reli^riuus  (ronceplion; 
the  more  complicated  ti;^Mn-es  on  me;ralithic  moiiinnents  in  Ihittan}*  and 
Ireland  luMhinks  to  be  of  an  ornamental  character;  he  refers  the  be^rjiiiiinir 
of  the  practice  of  cnp-cuttin<^  to  the  stone  aj^e,  but  believes  in  its  contin- 
uance in  later  times,  p.  7H-79. — I'ntf.  Simpson's  observations  on  the  pre- 
hi-storic  races  of  the  British   Islands;  lu;  thinks  the  (piestion  to  which  of 


IIAI    I 


HDMMAUV. 


103 


tli(>M«  rticfH  tilt'  first  snilptiii'iii^rt  of  ciipH  anil  riii;;H  an>  to  )m>  rt<i'(>iTt>il  faiiiiot 
1m'  |»«tnitiv«'ly  aiinwcrt'd  in  tin'  |irt'S('iit  state  of  arrlia-olo^ricai  kiiowlrd^jt',  p. 
7i>-Hl. —  Mr.  'fate  ascrilM-s  tlir  NorllniiMlirian  Hciilptiirt's  to  CcltH  wlio  iim'd 
iiH'tal.  prohalily  liron/.c,  in  fxi'i'iitiii;;  tliciii ;  Im'  otV*-rs  no  lU'tiniti;  vi**w  with 
rt'^raril  to  tli*'  incaiiiii;;of  iIm'  scnlplnrcH,  lint  inrlinrs  to  tlif  liciit-f  tliat  tlicy 
ori<rinnti><l  with  tlir  IhiiidH,  and  wen'  «-oiiiM'ct«'d  in  dilftTt'iit  ways  with  tluMr 
ritt's,  p  Hl-S.'. —  lit-  attempts  to  explain  the  nieanin;r  of  the  eiip  and  riii^j- 
exeavatioiis,  lint  finally  admits  the  ditliiiiltv  oi  arrivin;;'  at  a  delinite  lesnlt; 
he  expects  siieeess  from  in\esti;;ationH  anion;'  the  Laps  and  in  the  early 
home  <if  the  Aryan  family,  p.  8;{-H|. — I'n  f.  Desor's  views;  the  cups  on 
eiratie  liloeks,  h«^  helieves,  were  chiefly  made  for  recali'iiy;  «'irnimstances 
or  events,  the  explanation  of  their  ,  uport  liein<r  Kt't  to  oral  tradition; 
moinimental  ehararter  of  tin-  cupped  stones  p  h|-S."i. —  Nilsson  on  the  nse 
of  Clipped  iisj)irso»iii  in  Swedish  «  hnrcl  ■  s  I'.irnu'rl)  devoted  to  Catholic 
worship;  it  is  donlitfiil  whether  the^'i-  church  vessels  were  desi;>neil  to 
jierpetnate  the  recollection  of  sai'iiliclal  altars,  p.  S'l-HC). —  Miss  Mestorf  on 
Swedish  popniar  snperstitioiw  in  relalion  to  cupped  sl«»m's,  |i.  MI. — The 
cup-stoiie  ipiestion  discussed  hy  (u'rinan  anthropolo>rists ;  cu|»-excavalions 
and  furrows  on  the  walls  of  churches ;  first  iioticeil  liy  I  h'.  V.  Veckeiistedt 
ill  the  Province  of  Itrandeidiur;;',  Prussia;  di.scovered  liy  Mr.  Iv  I'Viedel  in 
various  cities  and  towns  in  Hrandeiiliiir^r,  I'omeraiiia,  and  Sweden;  Mr. 
Woldt  oli.serves  them  in  Merlin;  Ih:  N'eckenstedt  in  Goslar  and  Mrims- 
wick;  Dr.  VoHs  in  Haireuth  ;  Mr.  W.  Schwartz  in  I'oseii;  I'rof  Virchow  in 
Swit/erland  and  in  the  valley  of  the  Hhine;  ditVeieiit  thetiries  as  to  thu 
ori^^in  of  cup-marks  on  churches:  the  cups  are  siippo.sed  to  possess  healing; 
<|Ualities;  tlury  have  been  found  anointed  with  ;;rease ;  (iermaii  traditions 
connected  with  cups  and  furrows  on  chniches,  p.  Kd'-KO. — Mr.  Kivett- 
Carnac's  discoveries;  strikiii;;  rescinliiance  Iictweeii  the  cup  and  riii;;- 
ciittinjfs  in  India  and  (Ireat  Ihitain  ;  more  evidences  needed  for  arriv- 
iiiji'  at  a  delinite  result;  plaiisiliility  of  I'rof  Desor's  Aryan  theory;  dilli- 
culties  .still  to  he  overcome,  p.  DU-IM. — .Modern  liuilders  of  meyallthic 
moinrtnents  in  India  not  .\ryaii ;  Miss  A.  W.  Ihickland's  oliservations,  p. 
!M. — The  clo.st;  connection  Ik.,  veeii  cups  and  rin<;s  has  not  heen  sutliciently 
cunsiderud ;  both  appear  to  helon;^'  to  <iti(:  system  of  primitive  .sculpture,  of 


104  CUl»  SIIAPEI)  ANI>  OTHKU  LAI'IDAIMAN  SrULl'TUUHS. 

which  tho  fi.nner  are  tho  ourHer  oxpiossion  ;  th.>  mi.nher  „f  ctn.-stoiu-s  dis- 
'•t.vere.l  in  An.orini  yet  too  small  to  por.nit  -oiHTalizatiou ;  man  u  fi.roi.n. 
fU-niont  in  Anu-rica  ;  probably  arrivo.l  at  a  very  ron.oto  porio<l,  whon  the 
distribution  of  lunil  and  sea  was  ditlemit  fron.  what  it  is  now;  later  immi- 
fenation  from  Asia;  conclusion,  p.  f»l-93. 

Supp/rmnit,,,-,,  JVofe— Incised    -ranite   boulder   in    Forsyth   County 
Georfria,  described  by  Ool.  Charles  C.  Jones,  p.  i)5. 


IISTDEX. 


A. 

AIht^.  1>v.  Li^nnnrt,  "  lliillrititnitixariitl  RohunliUi". 

.•»/*•.(  

Ail.iir-,  ilcsciiUt'A  iiiiNle  o(  wi>nviii);  Hnit'iiK  th<>  Suith- 

t-rn  liuliiins 

mem  ions  wtKHli-n  tiioiijirs 

"Thf  IliMtorx  nfllif  AincHranlmlianB",  citni. 

A)»o  of  l>:niish  Hiulptiin'S 

AUMTHiIiiif,  IloUti'in.  ciipptHl  MUmo  iienr  

Altai  llnM)t.\  ill  ri't'i'it'iH'O  t»  nippi-il  tttoiu-tt 

olijfi-tioii  to 

Alli-iitiitrlirn.  I'lUHHt:!,  tiip  luarkHtui  t'luiiTh  iu. ..    .  ■ 

Alton.1.  llulHtciii.  riip  hIouo  fnini 

Aiiiriit-a.  pi'opUii;;  of 

piiiuitivr  lii|Mil:iiiaii  ArtiIpturo8  fn 

AiiuTii      1  I  lip  HtiHU'rt,  Jit>*t  notice  nf 

Antilogy  liriwitii   iiM'^nlithii'  niuuuiuontA  of  India 

ami  Kiiiiipo :tl,37 

Aiirit'iit    t'iMtillt-atidti    a(    laiws,    Srotlaml,    tiipiHMl 

.■*tiim-  I'mm 

"Am-ii'Di   Miiinnut'titM  <if  tlii>  MifiAiiiHippi  Viilloy  ", 

b.\  Squitr  ami  I>a\  in,  citrd    

Aut'iiMit  tinviiH  an<I  lampA.  Nciitpturt'ti  in  iintl  near 
Aiitfcrmiintlf.  rrii^Hia,  cup  luark^  on  clinrcli  in  .  - 

Aiiklam,  I'lttHMia.  t  up  niaiKi*  on  cliurch  iu 

Anoint innit  til"  Kloncs  

Anti<piil>  of  Clip  am)  lin;:  c.irvin;;i»  

Airhaii-  Intiitation.H.  Hciilpliin  a  on  Ntoiirs  conn*  ctiil 

witli  

Mi'piiltiiic.  Hculptniro  on    stom-*  conut-ctrd 

Willi 

"A  re  hi  V  fiir  Aiittiiitpoloj;ii'",  ritfd  

Aii:.\  tcHJiirc.  Siuilaml.  st  iilpimcs  in 

AiiKonii,  I1M  Iv  Hculptun-sin.  notii  cit  li.v  Mr.  Itartlclt. 
A'tilil,  Sililcitwi:;,  cup  stoiic  fiiini  tiimulii'<ncar 

Aititlciiit  r<Hit  Inukson  ttluncH  in  Itrnniaik 

At>nn  tlii'orv 

.'  "ill,  primitive  lapiiluri.in  icnlptuicH  in  

Aiiclina)>riMcli,    Ar;:>  Icttliiiv.    Scotlanil.   HCiilptuii  <1 

n»ck-Mur  lace-*  at     

Aujilioy.  I'lol",  Saniiir),  ilceirilH'H  inoitar  cavtlifm 

Skt'tctici*   of    Ihc    Pli>HitMil 
<icu!:rapliy    ami    (iriilo>:y 

ol"  Nili|imki»".  citrd 

Austria,  Clip  sculpt utcf*  in        

A  *clmry.  |-jiilati<l,  stnuc  i*tiiiciuri'  a( 

iVvcnui'A.  im  ;{alMhii .  MculplutiA  on  tttonC'  of   


Tngp. 


31 

:4s 

50,  M 
*.»7.  08 

■j:i 

Tt.T.'t 
84 
87 
'^J 
02 
41 
48 


Ituul  ur  UaMrr  Stono  near  FalkiipiiiK,  Swcdm   14, '**8 

It.ial  worHliip,  concentric  riu;:«  cmlilcmulir  of 71 

in  Svvt'ilcn,  snppoHctl 30,71,73 

Itairrutli,  Ilavnriii,  <  up  iiiurkA  on  it  cbnn  li  in IJ7 

Ikilil  I'liar  K»mU.  MantamI 00  <(  ^^7 

I4.;:ij 

71 
U 
74 
14 

1.1 


3S,  :iO 
14 


48.49 

10.  i:) 


IlaliUr  Stone  near  Falkopint;,  Sweden  . 

HiipiHmi-d  purpose  i'f 

Hallymcnach,  Scotlanil.  sculptured  menhir  tt- . . 

lt;ilHlein  circniouy  in  Ireland  

Ihilvraid.  St  otland.t  lips  on  ij»olatcil  stone  near. 

ItamToll.  Mr.  11    II  .   "  Native  ILiccm".  citfd 

IVirrotts,  rtculplMrcd  stoncH  near 

Itaitlctl,-  Hon.    John 


olicei*    rtcrlptured    and 

painted  iork8 

"  IVison.iI    Narrnlixi*  ef 
K\p)oratiom*.    etc.  ', 

cUfii  

lick  maun, J  ('..mentions  cup  stones  in  Hnindeitliur;; 

Helley,  Fmnce,  cup  stoms  near 

Il«'rliu,  riUHsia,  <  up  niarktt  on  eliurt  lies  in    

IteiliiMT  Antlitnpoto};im'lie  (ietM'llsctiall,  "  Verhaml- 

liin^cn  ',  ritfit 'Ji,h' 

■   IUtiw.  Snit/eilind.  ciip  inarkti  on  cininii  in 

lU'rtnind,  M.    Al-xandre,  experiment  in  carvini:  in 

I       fttone    

;   Uliavani.  a  Hindoo  deity 

Uienne.  Swii/eiland,  Clip  stoncM  near 

I'iai  IioI'a  Sleiii,  Prussia.  Hculptuni*  on 

'    Pdackniorc  Mii8euiit.  Anietiean  cupfttom>  in     ... .... 

ltoliemi:i,  cup  stoni'H  in ys 

I^irnholin,  Oeumaik.cup  cnltin^H  in 'M 

wheel    nhapcd    nciilplnn  A    on 

hliH  k  in L'7 

]lnnel>\,  Henmark.  cupped  nlone  in  a  tiimutiirt  at   . .  J(i 

llouiders,  hollowt'il  out  for  luoi tars Met  (.('/. 

Howcrs,  Ml    Sttphen.  account  ot"  rocks  wiih  mortar- 

cavities fi? 

Piia/il.  conceniric  circles  noticed  on  ntcks  in 03 

I'ritish  IsIantlM,  pi  imitive  r;iei  n  of     . . , 80,  81 

Itrittaiiy,  cup  ciitlin::t4  on   a  loolliu  stone  in   Mont 

S. lint  Michel,  at  Cartiac 

sculpt  iins  on  dolmen  sion<  h  iti 

l>ton/e,  iiili»dui  tioii  ot'  m  Northern  Kiirope     

knives,  I».inisli       ...  

■aj;e  inipleineiitH  tKiiiiil   willi  eiipnloden  in 
Swit/etlind 


',  ta 


:.7.  IV4 

'J4 

to 

87 

88,80 
87 

83 
34 

21 

24,80 
48 


n 

18,10 
71 


|m:i 


106 


INDEX. 


Pago. 

IIronzo>a];«  urnamcutation  conftiilcrutl  by  Truf.  Nils- 
aim 72 

ItruiiHwii-k,  cup  niarkaon  acliurcli  in    87 

Hu.'li,  lH)()puI<l  vun,ui>lniuiicouct.'rniii;;  MidaiimiiuT'ei 

ui'.;btni\     72 

ntu-hlait<1,  Miss  A.  AV.,  "  N'otcM  <m  Honio  C'uruiuli  and 

Iri«h  Probistorie  Moiiuiucnls  ",  cited 01 

lUiiisob,  Uolatcin.c'p-Rtom'from 24 

C. 
Cneruurvonsbire,  Wulra,  t'upcuItiuf:R  uu  ciipatouc 

uf  dolnu'U  in 12, 13 

('uilltiiuu  dca  Pourica H) 

Cairn  at  Lmi^b  Cn-w,  Ireland 17 

Cflima  of  Now  (1  range  nnii  Duwil;,  In  bind 18 

Caiy  St*ino 14 

Culdcin,  Panama,  Ht'iilptiirod  atom!  nrar CH 

(_'alif(»inia,  rocka  witli  mcntai-cavitica  in  .• 57 

('ai)i]ia,  nuricut.  m  ulpturra  in  anu  near Id,  M 

Canton  of  Valais, S wit /crbind,  stationary  uiortar  in.  50 

Vand,  Switzerland,  rupHtono  in 21 

St.  (iall,  Swltzrrbincl,  cup  and  rinK-i'arv. 

inj^s  in 22 

Capaloue  of  dolmen  near  Clyunoj:  Fnwr,  Wales, 

ciipcnttingson 12,  ]'A 

Ratbo,    Scotland,    cup- 

cuttingaon 12 

Caninc,Ilrittnny,cnp8onroofiDg-8touoof  MoDtSaiut- 

Micbel 13,19 

Carving  In  atone,  experimenta K2 

Carvings  H'.;urod  by  Simpson    II,  12,  13, 14.  17 

forms  of 10, 15 

In  Austria 25 

Central  Amencii. 60  c(  seq. 

Denmark 25, 20, 27, 28 

England 13, 14, 15, 10, 17,81,  (^2 

Franro Ki,  18,  in,  20,  82 

Germany 22, 23,  24, 80, 87,  88, 8'J 

India yi  etgeg. 

Ireland 17,18,74 

North  America 41  etgeq. 

Scotland 11  etseq. 

Sweden  28,  21),  30 

Switzerland 21 ,  22 

on  llabl  I'riar  Unek,  Maryland 01 

Casten.ida.drawin.';  of  Mexican  cupped  (f)  atouo 54 

Central  America,  roek-scnlpturea  in QGet  scq. 

Cbambered  tumuli,  sculpturea  on  atones  of 0,20 

Cliaudoshwar.  temple  of,  description  of 33,35,30 

Cliariot8,H('iiIpturrd 20,30 

Cldriipii,  Panama,  rock-aculptures  lu dOet  aeq. 

Chime,  France,  eup-eultings  near 20 

Christian  ehurches.  cupped  a^peraoria  in ^o 

Christianslad.  Hculptun  a  in 30,72 

Cimbrlan  origin  of  Kivik  senlptures,  anppoacd 75 

Cintinnati  ciipstont^  51,03 

0 
0 

13 

>,23 

10 

13 


Circles,  arehaie  Hcidpturta of. . 

nu'gal  it  hie,  sculpt itiTH  on  atouea  of 

Cist  at  Oatlands,  Islo  of  Man,  carvings  on  block  of 
circle  aurrouiiding 

Cists,  sculptures  on 9,! 

('laKsitb-ation  nf  primitive  scul|itures 

Clava,  Scotlaiiil,  cupped  stones  in  tunndi  at 

Clougliton  Moor,  Kti;:land.  euppeil  atouo  from  cham- 
ber wilhin  stone  elnle  on 


PrtfiO. 

Clynnog  Fnwr,  AVales,  cup  cultinga  un  cap-atono  uf 

dolmen  near 12, 13 

Cunipiirisun   of    lapidarian    aculptnrea  of  Central 

America  and  the  Hritiah  Islands  ..  08,00 
Concentric  circles,  seiiliitnied  and  painted,  Imiuent 

in  the  Weatof  ihu  Cuited  States 02 

eiixular  Hues  of  the  funn  of  u  spiral  or 

voluto II 

rings,  thought  tu  Im^  eniblematio  of  aun- 

w«>rship 71 

without  a  central  cup It 

Connecticut,  cuppid  gnuiile  boulder  in 52,53,54 

Conventional  H\tulMtlrt 77 

Copt*ubageu,  Museum,  cup  atom  a  in 23 

Curcelettes,  Swit^^erlatifl,  enp-t>touea  found  at 22 

"Correaponileu/Iilatt  der  Deutachen  Authnipolugi- 

achen  iJesell.scliat't ".  fited 23,  37,  80, 80 

C«irtnilluii,  Swit/erland,   cupped  stones  from  lake- 

dwellin.:zat     22 

Cottltua,  Prustila,  cup  marks  on  church  in 87 

Covera  of  urns,  srulptuies  on 0 

Cup-earving.i,  autii}uily  of 78 

Cup  cut  lings  freqiunt  in  Switzerland 21 

Cup*  \ca  vat  ions,  trailitiiuis  couicrning 80 

Cup  marks  on  ehuielua 24,87 

Cupatuui'  from  cemetery  of  early  ago  of  iron 23 

Cup-sculpt  urea.    (AVc  Carvings.) 

Cup-ail ap'  (I  seulptiin s 7 

Cupatouii  question  in  the  Gemiau  Anthropo!ogical 

Si><.iety 80 

Cup  atoms 7 

iittributed  lo  the  bronze  ago  20 

atone  ago 20 

found    in    English    bariowa   containing 

burned  human  remain:* 17 

from  loealitiea  In  tlie  United  Slat^-s 40,47 

Cupped  blocks  (or  bonldiTs)  in  Ohio 51,52 

blocks  in  thn  ITnited  Statea  ,  50,  51 

atunea  in  Scauian  <  hurclies 85 

auppoHed  purposes  of 71,75,  c(  W7. 

Cups,  surrounded  by  a  aerica  of  concentric  but  in- 
coniplett!  rings,  havingastraight 

radial  groove 10 

by  a   seiiis   of  concentric   com- 
plete linga 10 

by   concentriu    rings   and   fleied 

lines 11 

by  a  aingic  ring 10 

Cuyahoga  Valley,  Ohio,  cup-alonea  from. 40 

I>. 

Danish  bronze  knives 27 

Do  Ilonstetten,  M.,  vb-ws  regarding  cnpeuttlnga —  84 
Do  Maliifoase,  M.,    "  I,es  Pierr<s  .\   Kassina  et  lea 

Itoclu'cs  i\  ficnelles  <lana  la  I-o/i'-re",  cited  20 

Denmark,  archaic  sculptures  in 25, 20,  27, 28 

artitl.'ial  foot  traeka  on  atones  In 20 

Denison,  Dr.  .anies  S.,  enmmunleation  by 05 

Duaur,    Prof.  E.,  Aryan  tb-ory Do 

connection  between  the  cupaculp- 

turea  of  India  and  Europe 3H,  30 

"  Lea  rierre«  h  Tleuelb  h  '.  citnl   .   7,8.  13,  10 
;iH,  30,  85 
nu-aiiing  of  primitive  ruck-aenlp- 

turea 84 


INDEX. 


107 


I'agc. 
IHMot,  Prof.  E.,  nil   ccrtnin    ciutoms    of    Hindoo 

wiinit'D 37 

im  i'ii|iDt»iii'8iu  Iiiilin 31 

■  in  Hiippi)m>il  ^lat'ial  u<-tiim 88 

Di'iilai'liti  Aiilliiii|M>liiKi8rlio  UcMllsrhaft,  "Corirs- 

pmiililii  Illiitt ",  cilcd 23,  37, 80, 80 

DeviationH  fiiiiii  the  iiiiuciiul  tvpra  of  cup  Hhapril 

HCUlptlin'B 11 

DiukHoii,  Ml- ,  opiiiiiiii  coiicc'inini;  iiuiaed  stoui'S "0 

lliviirsitj  iif  M'lilpliiriaun  llio  nanii' hIuuu 11,18 

Doliiu'n  at  I.aiiiiism',  in  Mm  Islaml  of  OuiniBcy, 

nips  on  piii])-Hton('  tif I2 

near  I!a1li'',  Si-iitlani),  cuppt'd  cait  stouo  of. .  12 
uoar  Clviinn;;  Fawr.WaKs,  rup-cntliiigs  on 

cap'.slont' of 12.13 

l>olnionM,  Hculpl  oi-t  M  on tj 

Dolaii'U  atoni'N  of  lliidnuy,  arulpliircs  on 18.10 

I>"wtli,  Irrlaiii).  Hcnlplurra  in  (-aim  nt 18,74 

Druiiliral  niijiin  of  pijniilivc  nnilptuKa,  supposed..  7(1,  k2 

l>unliar,  .SkpIIiiiiiI,  rup-cNtlincs  on  nionolillimar  . . .  13 
Diipaix,  Capt.  William,  ilisrrilics  a  i-nppoil  (!)  utono 

mar  Orizaba,  Moxii-o 04 

"Tlio  Monnnit'nta  of  Now 

Spain",  cited SO,  M 

K. 

Eartluuwari'  paint  lupa, Now  Moiican 47 

Krlioinforilc.  .Sibkawig,  cnp  stouo  ilisiovorctl  near.  22 
Kilinliuijili,  Siotland,  cup  cuttiUKS  on  atainlinKiHoiio 

"'••"•  14 

Ksiiinhnrj;,  Anslria,  oup  stonos in  inigliborliuod of.  23 

mi'stenar,  or  Elf.^tonia  SB  81) 

l^uKland.  anhalo  miilpturr'  in 13  efjej.,  81,  82 

Clou);liton  .Moir,  lupped  atono  fioni  iliam- 

biT  uilliin  atono  oirclo  ou 13 

Ku;-liHk  rock  Mnlpturo  j,-, 

E.it.ivayir,  Swit/.iilauil,  iiippcd  Htonrs  found  noar..  23  j 

l-tliiiic  Mij^uilioanco  of  onp-aliiipi-d  aiMiIpturoa 7  j 

Kuiopo,  primilirolapidaiinn  aiiilpluna  in 0  j 

Evans   Mr.Jobn,  'The  Anibnt  Klono  Iiuplimi  nl.s. 

WrapoUH,  anaornaiuculsciftinat  Dritain",  cited.  42,81 

Exptriuii'Ula  in  carviiiK  in  stono ga  j 

F.  I 

Kalkopinu.  Swcdin.  Uaal  or  DaliUr  Htono  near 14,28  ■ 

Fals:ui,  M.  A.,  "Dcia  l*iY-s<'ni't>dfi]ni'lipio8  rii-iTi-a  .^  ■ 

fliiiclba  ilant  la  I!i-sion  Mojcuuo 

tin  I<aa.<,iu  <lu  lihuno",  cited 20 

Ocsviibi'H  cnp  atones    10,20  I 

onsl inibun  bat  Voanas,  Ffiinco.  88 

FiiKusson,  Jli    ,Iaini«,  on  a^o  of  a  Danish  atono  I 

eh:Mulii-r 28   * 

"  Uiiilo    ,St(tno     Mouunienia 

in  all  Cnunlrica",  i'i(f((..  18,  28,  .'11 

Font,  SwilzdbuHl,  ruppod  nionrs  Inuiul  at 22 

Fool  Irarks.  ailillrial,  on  Kliinia  in  Denmark  .  20  ] 

Folee,  ,hnl^e  M.  F.,  eoniniliniealion  by fll    | 

Forest.  Villa^'i-  of  the,  (inernsey,  iiipa  on  slauding 

"I""''  "t 13 

FoiCarsbiri',  .Scolhinil,  euppeil  stone  from  iiiln  of  an- 

eient  fortilleutiiin  in ]4 

Fcirnia  exiiibitod  inearviniis 1(1,1,1 

Foililli'd  bnihliu;:s,  si  iilptures  on  stones  of 10 

France,  priiiiilive  seulplnil's  in 1.1,  '■<,  10,20.82  j 

Friedel.  Mr.  *').  (1Ih(  overs  nip  marks  on  ehurilii's  ..  24,87  I 
7   L  B 


FUncn,  Denmark,  iupcuttin;;s  found  in 

Funeral  eliamlHrat  llernstrup,  IKn.nark,  sculpluro 

on  cap  atone  of 

Fuistennalile,  Prnsaia,  eiipmarks  on  cliureli  In 

(i. 
liulbniitb.  Mr.  F.  (i.,  insltjeted  to  eiamino  llald 

FiiarKoek 

Uatsebel,  Mr.  A.  S.,  aaaistjiuoo  rendered  by 

Georgia,  slationary  mortars  in 

nut  stones  I'l  om 

(jinnan  Anihroiolo-ieal  Soi  iely.    *•«  Duutaebo  An- 
tbropohi^lsebe  lieaellsehaft. 

(ierniany.  primitive  seiilptur.s  in 22.  2.'I,  24,  HO.  87 

:  (Jerneld.  Mr..r.  M.  .M.,  pitti  il  slmu  s  i-ollieleU  by... 

I  (idai!iver  Valley,  Aii/.ona,  loek-si-ulptiires  in 

j  (jiitebor;;,  Swcilrn,  eii|>  tstoii"  found  near 

,  ( iiislar.  Hanover,  eiip-niurka  nn  ehiiirb  in 

Graves,  Dr.,  oiiinion  i-oneeriiin;:  eup  and  iiii;;-seulp- 

lures 

Greenwell  and  Itoibalon,  Messrs.,     •Ilrilisli    liar- 
rows",  cited 

Greenwell,  liuw  William,  ai'count  of  barrow  in  Kil- 

bum  Parish,  Voikaliire. 

deseiiption  of  ellp-slones 

foitlid  tllereill 

opinion  in  re;;aiil  to  eup- 

peil  atones 

Orelfswalil,  l>rus»ia.  eup  marks  on  eliureb  in    

Giiatow,  Prussia,  eiip  iiialka  on  ehnrili  in 

(inivepolt,  Ohio,  euppeil  atone  flimi 

(iunniaon,  I.ieilt.  J.  W..    ■Ibe  Mormons,  or  Latter- 
Day  Saints ",  cited    

Giitzkow,  Prnnaia,  eiipniarka  on  eliureb  in 

II. 
Habitations,  arebaie,  senlptiiies  on  stones  eoiineotid 

with 

nag'a  Chair 

nnninipr-stouca 

their  use 

IIiillristnin;:[tr 

Hanover,  eiip  marks  on  ebui  ebi  s  in 

Uailt,  Prof  ,(■.  F.,  notie-seiineenlrieeir,  bamroeks 

in  South  Amcriea   

Ilanslla^en.  Pnisr^ia,  eup-inarks  on  eliiireli  in    

lla,\s.  ilr.  W.  \V.,  sends  pholojirapli  of  Calitorniaii 

roek  painlin;;    

Ilelleiistnin;;!  r    

Herrestiup.  Denmark,  sliipi  and  wheels  sculptured 

imeapslmieof  luty  ral  ebamber  at 

Hill.  Dr.  11.  H.,  ilisioveis  larce  euppiil  Mm  ks  in 

(iliii 

\ii\v  eonri-Tnili;;  1  loir  purpose 

llolden,  Mr.,  on  Miil.-aimmi  iViii;.'lil  liie  111  Inland  . 
llolmlieic  Mr.  A.   i:  ,     '.Seaniliuaviiiis  IliiUiistiiin- 

^ar",  iiientioni'd  

Hi  Islein.  eop  stones  f.aind  III        

Holy walii  basins  in  .Seani.ni  iliiin  Ins 

Iloises.  seltlptlireil 

Iliiiiian  ll:.;iiies.  seiilpdiri  il     

Hunibobll.  A  von,  ■■  ViiisilisC  .rililleres",  cited  ... 

Iliinler,  "MaiiihiH  and  (.liislonis  i.f  Seviriil  Indian 

Tiiliea  bleated  west  of  the  Slissisaippi", 

cited , 

liieiit ions  wooden  nioitais  


Po)!(>. 

2U 

27 

87 


(JO 
U3 
X 
41 


88,88 
43 
G3 
20 
87 


17 

10 

IG 

75 

87,88 

87 

4.'i 

04 

87 


10 

18 

II,  tj 

42, 43 

30,31 

87 

02 

87 


71 

30 
20 
85 
20, 30 
27, 30 
02 


iill 

,'■0 


108 


INDEX. 


1. 


Pngp. 

47 


r!= ; 


Illinois,  rup-Atonn  fnmi 

IinpU'tucutA  uf  lm>nr.v  nge   fouiul  with  Swiss  ci  p- 

sliini'H ^J 

luriHt-il  nUhich  ill  ViTiiKiias,  Crntrul  Aniortca (i7 

IntUn,  ftip  Hi'ulptiirrs  iu 31 «/  cry. 

(iiplH^il  btmldiMH  ill ^8 

ludiau  If^cml  C4)UL't'riiii);;  rurk  puliitiii^siu  ()rv}{un..  G5 
Iiifrnnix'S  (Irawu  fmni  (lie  dislributioii  uf  i-iip  ami 

rint!-('iirviDKS M    . 

lutruUiu'tion  uf  bruiizi;  in  llu'  Nortli  tif  KuittiH; 71   j 

Clip  and  rin;;-rurvin;;!4  in  Uiitniu 70  I 

luvrntrHHNhirf.Si-ulliiud.cup-cuttiUKtt  iu U,  14 

In^liind, iin-baic  wulptuni*  iit 0,17,18,74 

JluMrin  tTnmony  iu .'.... 74 

PktL'nii'ian  triicts  iu,  nccoiiliu;;  to  NiUmiu..  74 
Ironttiu, Oliiu,  rupiN'd  lilin-k  fruiii  U(i;;hbi>rIiu(Ml  of    .  "il 
IsUudof  Oavr'  luis.  Fniucc,  Hciil|itiitvii)  tuinuluHin.  Id 
(iu(;niSf>,i-up-i'Ut(iu^B(>u  pi  op  Htuiie  i>f  dol- 
men in   .  12 

BtiiDdiugRtoiioiu.  13 
KiiKi'U,  cnp-ciitliD|£8  on  mepilidiir  iiiouii- 

mentK  iu '£i 

riip-niiiiUrt  on  tiiurrlii  N  in 87 

*                  rsitloin.iupinurks  uu  t  IiiiirliiH  in  87 

lalaudt)  of  I>rnniai'k,  (-up't'iilltU|;H  foiiud  iu 20 

Ittle  of  Mull,  ni|M'nttin^iiou  block  cf  rirtti'surromid- 

in^  Htuui'  t-iet  iit  l.uttaiidK,  in i;i 

cuppnl  rot-k  ut  Kiik  Ilradduu.iu^ 14 

Isolated  imUs  anil  hIuik-m,  Keulptiirt-eon  Hiii-fiu'tsof. .  10 

alone  near  liiilviaid,  Seotland,  euptiou     14 

J. 

JrH»eu,  Mr.('.,deAeiibrHrup-stonciiear£ekenifonlo.  '.'2 

JeWH  aunoiiittnl  KloiieA tm 

Juues,  Col.  l'barlea('.,  im  nut-stones 44, 4J 

on  stiitionary  mortals ^ 

"  Antiijnitiea  of  tbc  Sinitli- 

eni  Indians",  citcii 44,40.50 

Jnimpani  iiioiiudn,  India .  :il  et  aeq. 

Jutland,  lienmark,  eup-enttin^xs  found  in 'M 

runic  stone  witli  cupiHil  bncksidu  Jd 20 

K. 

KtUer,  Dr.    Ferdiuand,      "  Tbe   Lake  l>wellin;;B   ipf 

Switzerland,  etc.",  cited  21,  lit! 
view    concerning  cup-cut- 

tings H  ' 

Kem  Coiiuty,  Ireland,  srulptuies  in 17   , 

Kiel.  Mufo-uni  at,  eup  stones  in 23 

Kilbiim  Parisb,  York sb ire,  barrow  in 10 

Kilmieluol  lilaHsary     l*arisli.    Scotbmd    sculptured 

nifiiltir  in V2 

Kiik  lliiiddan.  Isle  nf  Man,  cupped  rock  at    14 

Kistvaen  at  Oatlauds,  Iste  of  ^Iiin,  eu|i  i  ultin};u  on 

block  of  circle  ^urrouuiliug 13  j 

Klvik  sculptures 110,72,74,73 

Klauiatb  Indians,  rock-paintings  of 65 

K  nuikaiutsh.  tbe  Creator   05 

Knives  i>f  bron7.i>   27 

Kt;M  Tupiik'^bi,  Stnndiuj;  Kock 65 

Kiinmim  Mountains.  India,  <  up  sculptures 33 

I.. 

L;utLuid,  Deumark.  urtilirjiil  liMittraclis  on  lilock  iu  20 

tup  cuttings  in  :.'6 


Tngo. 

La  lUiulo  de  Gargant  nil 20 

Ljjke  of  NciieliAtel,  Switziilfliid,  cup-stones  from.    .  22 

L:in  of  iwdius,  Sweden,  rock  sculptures  iu  30 

Ilaltaud,  Swedm,  cup  stnnc  fum 2tt 

Maii«-stail,Sueden  I'miil  or  lUlder  Stone  in. .  14,28 

Lancress*',  tbduit  n  at.  cup  cuttings  on  prop-stone  of.  12 

Langeland,  Dciiinaik.cnp-ciittings  in 26 

Lapiilarian  sculpt  iires,  comparison  of CO 

primitive,  in  Kuropt-and  Asia.  0 

in  America 41 

Lassiin.  rruHMia,cup -nmrks  on  cburdi  in bl 

I^iws,  Scotland,  cupped  stone  trom  ruin  of  ancient 

furtilicationut 14 

U't ,  Mr.  J.  K.,  translation  uf  Ur.  KvUct's  reports  on 

lakedwellings 21 

Legends  concerning  cnpoxcavaliuns  on  cburclies  in 

lienuany 1?0 

Lenoir,  M.   Alesamire,   "Anliquites    Moxicaiues ", 

ripiesentatiou  of  cupped  {'■)  stono  in M 

Liu;:a,  sytiiliol 34 

Liugam  worship 77 

Locniari  kcr,    France,    sculpture    on    dolmen -stuun 

near 18 

Lord  KingslHirough's  "Mexican  Antiquities",  repro* 

scntation  of  cupped  {^i  stone  in  54,  TiS 

Loiidiiii,  Teunessi  e,  mil  hIi'Uc  I'loui  nei^liboiliiHtd  of  45 

LougliCrew,  1  nlind,  sculpt  uicsiin  stones  of  cniin  at  17 

Lo/.i'ro  Department,  France,  cup  cuttin;;s  iu  20 

Lubbock,  Sir  John,  cuniuicnts   on    Piitf.   Xilsaon'a 

riurnician  tluory 71  ctaeq. 

"  Prehisturic  Times  ",  cited 74 

Luclum,    Pyrenees,    cup  sculp! uns    on    megalithio 

nionunicnts  near    10 

Lukis,  Kev.  W.  C,  cup  cuttings fituuiUn  Brittany  by.  10 

Luterholz.Swii/ciland,  cup-stone  iu  tbe  21 

Lyell,  Sir  Cbailes,  "Antiipiity  of  Man  ",  cited  43 

M. 

Muliadeo,  a  IlimUmdeily 34 

n  presented  l»y  carvings 34,62 

symbol  of 34, 62,  78 

temples,  shape  of 7H 

Uke  shapes  e\liil)ited  in  rock-paintings. . .  65 

MalacAtI,  spimlli' whoil  (Mi\ic  u  name) 50 

^laluio,  Swi  lieu,  cup-maiks  on  cliurch  in   87 

Maltese   cross,  scul|)tureil  on   rock   ueor  Niemogk, 

rnissia 24 

Manclifster,  Ohio,  cupped  boublrm  near 53 

Manii,  I'tab,  carved  umup  on  clilV  at  64 

Map  theory  in  reference  to  cup  and  ring-Aciilptures.  75 

Mariib'  cnp-stoiii'  in  Mus'  .mi  nt  Kiel 23 

Mi'r\land,  llald  I'liar  liocV 60 

■■Malrriau\  pour  rili.stoiit'  IMiniitive  et  Xatnri'llo 

dc  rili.mim  "  cited 7,  1  !>,  20.  28,  aS,  56,  59, 88 

McCook.  licv.  John  J  .  deseribis    cupped    granite 

boulder  at  Nluntic.  Connecticut 52,53,51 

Hegalitbie  avenues,  sculpt  iirtH  on  stones  of 9 

circles,  sculptures  on  stones  of 0 

monurMcnts.  cnp-i-iit tings  on 24 

Meissen,  Saxony,  cupped  rock  near 24 

Mellcnthin.  Island  of  I'si'dom,  cu]i marks  on  church 

in hi 

Mels,  viUagi*  of,  Switzeibiid,  cup  and  liug-carvings 

near 22 

"  i^t^-moiirs  d«'  la  Sm-iele  Itn>nle  des  Antir)uaii<'s  du 
Nonl",  cited  23,L'5,28 


INDEX. 


109 


Pope. 

Ueuliir,  sculpt uixd,  at  BiillyuicLQcb,  St'otlund 12 

Murcbaut'lt  Table,  Hi ittuii>,(-arviu};  (lu  18 

MoAturf,  Mitut  J.,  cuxttHliiiu  of  tbe   ArcbuioluKlvul 

MuM^uui  at  Kk-l 23 

t'Luuu'rntion   of    iMip-Httiiii^s    lu 

ScbloHWi;;  imd  iluUtciu 23,*J4 

iUuritnilii'u  from  arlielc  by tiS 

translutiiins  by 23, 75 

"  Ct'lH'r  Scliub'U8teiuo  ",  cited...  'J3 

Mexican  tut^tbiHl  of  siiiiiuiii;;,  illUHtratud bO 

Mcxit-o,  cuppitJ  {!)  Htoiiu  ill &4 

Mi('kf1l>t)ruu^b,    I'lof.   J.,    duHcriptiuu   of   i-upped 

bloik  ut  CiiK-iuUiiti 51,52 

MiilttuitiiiKi  H uigbt  lire 73, 74 

Mi|;rutiou  ut'  uiuu  iufi-rrvd  fruni  uccurrt'noc  of  cup- 

otoui'ri 17 

Mitbraa-wui-Hbip 70 

"Mitth(-ilunK(-ii  tliT  Antiquuriticbi-u  Ufsvllmrbul't  iu 

Ziiiit-b  ",  citfd  — 21 

Moiirrlctl,   SLolland,  tupcuttiuiza  un  utuiio  wltbiu 

aUtuv  i-iiclt)  ut  13 

Mouoliih  m'ur  Duiibur,  Scotluud,  canluga  uu 13 

Mouolilbti,  aLulpturrH  im  0 

Mout'la-V'ilK-,  Switzrilauil,  ciipHloui'  iii'ur 21 

MiM)r,  '  Tbi>  lliiulu  i*aulbi'4iu  ",  cited 34 

Moravia^  tup  hIuucs  iu 25 

Morfjt'uit",  lf*hiu(l  of  r&otlum,  tup-muika  on  cbun-b 

iu b" 

Muilot,  M.  A.,  tlvtHTibt-8  Hlatiuiiury  mortar  ^')iu  t'uu- 

tuu  of  X'alaiH,  Snil/crtauil.    ■    59 

"l*icniis  u  E*urlU(i'  .  cited »>& 

Murmuu  truutilalion  of  tuulptiiiA'  in  l' tab 04 

Mortur  anil  pestlo  for  pit  puraiiou  of  paint 47 

^IfHturt*  lu  tbo  t^bapo  uf  bouldt »  witb  citptihaiK'U 

taviticB 56 

MoiiuiU  iu  tbc  Xu^^ptHir  tlitttrici,  lmli;i 31,32 

Mniit   8uiiit-)[i(brl.    at   taiuar,    iliitlauy,  cup-cut- 

tings  on  riMtliujffttouc  of 13,  IU 

Miu'li,  Ur.  M.,  on  iiipatoncs  iu  Austria 25 

Miililt-uttleinL' i-O 

Museum  at  t'opi-nba;:t'U,  (Up  aloui-d  iu 23 

Kiel,  eupstones 23 

St.  Guraaiu,  casr^of  sculptun'S  in 82 

N. 

>'a;;poor,  Indi^i,  nioumU  iu 31,  32 

Napu  Valley,  Califuiuia,  nnks  with  niurtar-cavitics 

in ' 5ri 

Niipfcbeustfino 24 

"  Narrative  of  tho  Voyage  of  U  M.  S.  Herald  ",  cited  00 
National  Museum,  U.  S.,  pitted  and  cupped  stones 

in 42  e(  »eq. 

Nanuey,  Fnuiee,  ttuperslitiuns  of  i>ei  jilo t>"0 

Neolitbie  Hint  ultjtelH,  how  produt'ed 42 

Neutukireben,  riUHNi.i,  i  up  niaiks  uu  ebuieb  in  ...  87 

New  (iiau>:e,  1 1 eland,  t'ar\  in;;s  iu  I'lilrn  of 18,  74 

New  Mexieo,  paint  Clips  I'lom 47 

Niantic,  Connecticut,  cupped  i^iuuite  lioubbTat  ..-  r>2,  53,  M 

Niemegk,  TruHsia,  nculptures on  rock  near 24 

NiUflon,  Prof,  Sven,  altar  tbeory 84 

ar^innenls  commented  on  by 

Sir  .Tulin  I.ubbock 71 

describcrt  liaal  ut  ItidderStono.  28, 71 
"Hie  rreinwubuerdes  Scnnili- 
uaviiH-lien     Nordens;      das 
llron/ealter",  cited.    .    2(<,  20,  30,  85 


Pago. 

Nilssou,  Prof.  Sven,  Interpretation  of  Klvlk  nciilp- 

turvs 30 

on  bnm/e-nge   omaroentatiou.  72 

cupped boublers  in  Sweden.  71 

bammerstones 41  • 

Pb(cnician  thocuy 73  f(  $eq. 

"Tborriniitive  Inbabitantsof 

Scnniliuavia",  cited 41 

Nurtb  America,  prlmittve  lapidnriausculptures in  .41  ctteq^ 

AiuiTiean  cup-stones    47 

hammer-stones 42 

nut  stones 44 

])ittc<l  stoni's  ...   42 

rock-seidptures OOetseq. 

NortbumlH'rland,  rot^k  sculptures  iu 15, 17, 81,82 

Norway,  supposed  Pba-nician  traces  in 78 

N  ut-stoucH   44 

Nuts,  nn  article  of  food  of  tbo  NoHb  American  lu- 

dfnns 43 

O. 

Oatlauds,  Isle  of  Man,  cup-cuttbi^sou  blm-k  of  circlo 

HUiTtMindin;:  stone  cist  at 13 

OlH'lisk,  embli  niatic  of  the  sun  g<Hl 72 

OberFan'ensliidt,  IViis.xia,  cnpp<>d  rock  near 24,85 

Objections  to  Professor  ^ilssou'slbeory  eoncerniu^ 

Plxruieian  traces  iu  tbc  North  of  ICuntpe 73,76 

Oceurri  nee  of  cup  stones  in  both  b(>niispberes 8 

Oeuuarp,  Scauia,  holy  water  basiu  in  chureli  at 85 

( k;:bam  chanictcrs 08 

Ohio,  eup-^toues  from 40,  47,  48, 4D 

Ironton.  eup\K'd  block  from 51 

Ojibways,  use  coucentiic  cireb-aas  syDdiola .  02 

Oldcastle,  Irelaml,  cairii  near 17 

On>gon,  paint c<t  rocks  in 65 

Orizaba,  M-  \ico.  cupped  (?)  stnuo  near 54 

Oruamentutbiu  of  the  bronze  a^e 72 

Ornaments  from  Junapaiu  mounds,  India 32 

P. 

Pracriti.  a  lliuiloo  deiiy 34 

Paint  cups  of  carthenwaro 47 

Painted  and  carved  roik  in  the  Siena  Waco.  Texas.  57 

Paintinu  on  nicks  practised  by  Kbunatb  Inilians  . . .  i>5 

Panama,  rock  sculptures  iu    00 

Paul,  Mr.  Itobcrl,  expciimcuts  in  stonccarvin}; 82 

IVbbles  with  cup  shaped  cavities 45,  40 

I'ennsylvauiii,  cup  stones  fntm 47 

Peopling  nf  America 02 

Peilb,  Scotlanii,  stone  circle  near 13 

Pestle  and  mortar  for  preparation  of  paint 47 

Petersen,   I>r.  lli-ury,  antiquily    of    Ibinisb    Hculp- 

tuns 20,27 

"  Noti<'e     sur     b  s      Pierres 
Sculiitees  du  Dauemark  ", 

cited 25,28 

Phallus  worship  in  India     34 

Pbn'uicians  supposed  to  have  coluui/t  d  the  North  of 
Kurope.  and  to  have  left  traces  fu   Ireland  and 

Kugland 71  ctteq. 

PiiMlra  piutal  08 

Pierro  de  Saint-Clement 80 

T.oiip 88 

Pierres  k  bassius  50, 60 

i'cuelles  7.60 


110 


INDEX. 


I 


Pago. 
VMto  ft  Sarnvp.  MoMrs.,   "Loa  MoDnmnitii  tie  la 

UdUtugiit'  irKHi»iuii)i ",  cited ID.  38 

ruti'il  Hluurs i'2 

I'liiufriuii;),  cu|i  niitikd  on  rlninlH'H  in  87 

ruiUmoiilli,  Oliio,  pt:libl(«  uilli  rnp-Hliii|H*d  cavitU'S 

fnim 4C 

PoHen,  I*ruHsi;i,  riipH  on  rlniirlicA  in 67 

ruwi'll,  MiijiirJ.  V»'.,  paintid  nml  siulptiin'il  con- 

ct'Dtiir  ciu-ltH  tViiiucnlly  iiotUcil   li>   liini  in  lliu 

Wi'Hl  i.f  llH-  ruitt'tl  Stalts  ,  .. C2 

rn'uzliiii,  rriitiiiiii,  4-iip  niai  Uh  vn  tliuri  li  in t<7 

ri'iniltivr  htpiiluriau  lu-iilptuirH  in  Luiuprantl  A^iu.  U 

Auu  lira 41 

rrincipul  t\|>ra  (if  t-np  ni:(l  lin;;  Hliapi  il  h<  iilpiuixa  .  lil,  11 

I'ruUtu-titin  ot'  priniitivi;  lapidariun  si-uIpluriH bl,KJ  i 

I*n>pHtun()  uf  il(i)ni(.-n  at  LuuiTi-HSf,  ciipi-uUinKH  «<n.  V2 

yui-rfiirt,  PniHHiu,  luppcil  Mtiiia-  ni-ur '24 

(Jiiillo  lliiriHl,  Uin  of  HutiiiH,  Swidcn,  rm-k-HculiluifM 

in 30 

Jl. 
liaru  wliich  iiiliotliiccil    t-up  uud  rint;-carvings  in 

Kuropi> J 70 

ItaccH  wltieti  uc  rupird  llio  Dritinli  Ulauds tJO,>iI 

Ualliu,   ^t'otlaml,  '.npLUttin^a  <^n  (aputunu  t>f  dul- 

nu u  utar 12 

ItuMiliildi',  Jiilland,  runic  atouo  with  cupped  back- 

sidrul i!0 

KL-lif;iuuH  Hi;;nilii'an('u  of  iiiii  and  iiu{{-<'Uttini;B 78 

lii.'Hi-nil)lanu-  iM-tnriu  nu'galilbir  Hinuiuti'H  vf  ludiu 

and  Kiiiopi- 3;i,  37 

]:i<*iiiUHt<)n  iiuur  Muiwiu,  Saiiouy 24 

i;iiig  aud  cup-curvinns.  anliiiuily  of 78 

KingH,  coiKTUtt'ic,  wiilioiit  a  ccudal  uip 11 

Ititiby,  8i  IiU-swig,  cup  ntoni-  liout  tunitdna  at 23 

llivcil-Caiuac,  ilr.  J.  li.,  "Anbaultigiciil  Nolis  on 

AiK-it  nt    Snilptniiu;:^ 

on  lioi-ka  in  Kunmon, 

India  ".  ci/cd  ...  :i.I,  :;4,  30,  37,  78 

Coinnirnts   on    I'lol'i-dmir 

SiinpHun'H  opinion 77 

dt'Hi'iipliou    of    t'h'Wide- 

ttlnvartt-niplo 35 

nionnilH  iu  tlu'dtctriit  of 

Naypoor,  Iudi.i 31 

"  ri(-liiMto:ic  Kiiii.iin.s  in 

(.'intial  India  ",  citvtl..  32,33 
"  Kuu::li    NottM    on    the 
^'uako    Symbol   in    In- 
dia", citrd 38 

8rulptiin'8  ll.i^ut rd  by,  32,  34,  35,  30 
tliruiy  in  ii'^ard  to  tup 

and  tin;;  rutlin^H 37 

Rock-iminting Ci 

piaclim'd  by  Klannitli  luiliauH 05 

•sculpt uicH  Iu  (Vntr::l  Aniciica CO 

iu  Noitlinrnbt  ilaud  15, 17 

Kocks,  irtolatcd.  Kiulptun  jion  KUifat-cH  of 10 

witli  nioit.ii  (•a\  iti(8 D0<(  itq. 

Kouuui  oii'.iu  if  (lip  and  i  ing-HcnlptnivH,  HUppniK'd..  70 
Kut>tiu<;-stoniMd'  Monl  Saiut-MJcbd,  at  Carnuc,  lb-it-                 | 

t;uiy,  (Mip  (,'utliiij;»  on    13, 10  ; 

Kontiu;;  Ijtin  Stone ¥'d  '■ 

KUp-n,  iHland  of.  cnp-niaikH  on  clinrcboa  iu 87  { 

lEuulo  inarriptiouaun  cupmtouff  23,20  I 


I'ogo. 


Saboan  worship 

Sajjuid,  rrnania,  rnp  niarka  on  church  In 

San  IVti'  ViiMcy,  I'lali,  caivid  j-roujt  on  i  Itr  in 

SuudH(t)Uccniploy(tl  for  nut  HtoncR 

Suntu  Ikirbara  County.  Calif.'niia,  lockn  with  mortar- 

cuviticnin  

luc/rnugcof  mountainM,  Califoiiiia,  rocks  with 

nioi tar-cavil  icH  in 

Siivannab  liivcr.  (icoigia,  uul-sloncs  fioui 

Scania,  cnpiM  d  liotywatcr  ImHluM  iu  cbun  ikhIu 

S(ailio:ou;;b,  i:n;:]and,  cupped  atom-  from  ui-igblKir- 

hutid  of 

Si'balcnati'inc 

Scbb-awi^:,  c-upHlouia  found  in 

ScblicuHUiu,  Hr.,  rcnmrks  by    

Hcboolcrj:ft,  Mr.  II.  U.,  attempted  iuti-ri>rclationuf  » 

rmk  aculplurc  in  I 'tub 

Schwartz,  Mi-.  \V.,  report  on  lupH  on  cburcbca  in 

I'oscn .' 

Scotland,  iirchaic  aculpturca  of  cups  and  lings  in  ... 

AuchnabriHcb,  rock-aenlpturca  at 

cup-81-uIptun  s  in 1 

Sculptured  menhir  at  Didlyiueuaeh,  Scot  hind 

loekrt  in  Ibi"  Tnited  Stuica 

Sculptuns,  primitive,  typi»  of 

lucnt  ioned  by  il  r.  Tate  

on  stitneR  of  cairn.s  in  Ireland 

unstunea connected  with  archaic  habita- 

tiOUH 

archaic    scpnl- 

tnro 

primitive  hipidariau,  in  Kuropo  und  A  Hill 

Aiueiica 

ai^niitieanec  of 

Secland,  DenuiarU.artiliclal  foot-t racks  on  Htouca  in. 

cup-cuttui;;s  iu 

Scemunu,  l>r.  It.,  "\arrativo  (d'lhe  Voyagcof  U.  M. 

S.Uer.ild",  nUd 

on     rock  :.cidpture8      in      CVutral 

America GO  etseq. 

Sepulture,  archaic,  alonen  conueited  with 0 

Sliips,  Hculptiiied 27, 2l»,  i.'0 

Sierni  Waco,  Tcxna,  nuk  with  mortar-cavities  in. . .  57 

Similarity  of  Central  Amt-riean  and  IhitiHb  rock- 

aeulpluroi* 07 

Cbaudi  sliwar  ami    lluld    I'liar    lock- 

aeulpturort 02 

SimpHon,  I'i<d'.  iF.  V.,  "Aicliaio  Sculptunaof  CiipM, 
t'irelea.  etc.,  upon  St.tucs 
and  KiukH  in  Scoilantl,  l^ii;;- 
land,  and  othir  (.'ouiitiicH", 

cited patifiui,  I),  17, 20, 1 .'p,  HI,  82 

carviugH  llguied  by 11,12,13,14,17 

eta.*4aillcatii:u  of  cup  and  riug- 

MiuljtturiH 

tb'Hi-i'ibeH  experiment  in  earv 

ing  ill  Mtonc  

idijecii'.iiM    to   I'lofeHAor    Nita 

Nou'a  riiteniciun  theory 

Sin;;lecupa 

Siva,  naiuea  ;:iv(  n  to 

-wornbiji 

Soapatone  eiui'loyed  for  nut  Hton<  a  44,  45 

Spandau,  rritrt^iia,  enp  marka  on  chiii  eb  in 87 

SpimUc-aoekct-HtoncH,  niunc  given  loeup-atuncs 4D 


7C 
87 
04 
45 

57,58 

58 
44 
BJ 

13 

7 

22.  23 

71 

04 

87 

0 

11,12 

et  acq. 

12 

00 

10 

17 

18 

10 


W 


10 

82 

75 

10 

34 

34,38 


INDKX. 


Ill 


Spindled  iiM'il  by  Wi'fltrrn  luiliiinn 50 

:{|iiml  fonii  of  i-onc<!i)trir  (In  iiLir  liiuti 11,15,18 

Hpm;,;iio  Uivrr,  I  >t t';:i>ii,  puiiitfil  rm-k  ut-iir 05 

H<|iiiiT  aiitl  DuviH   Mi'itHrii.,ilfH(-ril>o  urtip-Htuuv 48 

8tuii(lin^  Ht«>ii(Mn  tli<<  Villn;;<>  of  llio  I'ort'Ht,   lalund 

III'  (iiirrtiB<  V,  rupcutlitif^M  4111 13 

lunr  Ktliubur;;ii,  ( upped 14 

Slii(i'iii:ir,v  iintrtarrt  M* 

S(i'tlii),  riuHHiii,  (lip  mnrkBtiDiiiulth  lu tf7 

Klt'VrUH.    Mr.   K.    T.,  dcHcribi-H  ii  ciip-Htuuo    in   tim 

ItlM-kinorr  MtiM'tiiu 48 

"Hihl  CliipM",  cilfd l»,4tt 

Strvt'iiHiiii,  Mr.  •Fiimci,  obtainii  paini  ctiptt  47 

Htuuo  t-iirlr  on  riitii^littui   Minir,  Ki);;l;uid,  cup-cut- 

tinijH  iin  Hiiiiic  within  13 

lit  Monrrii-tl',  Si-otluiid,  ciip-ruttinffN  on 

httini'  witliin 13 

HuriiMindint;   t-ittt   at  OiithmdH.    IhIo  of 

Miin,  nip  i-uttiit^a  i>u  lilui-k  o( i:t 

riiil.-*.  Hiiilptiiri  H  oil 0,  ir> 

Stnnulit'ii^iv  Kii;;hiuil.  ttuppuwd  to  bo  a  IMiccuicitin 

Hlnirltiro "4 

Rluni-Hiif  didiiH'na,  H<.ulptun>ii  oo U,  IK,  t{i 

nirtfiilitliii' iiv<  nui-n,  fiiuliituns  tiu 0 

1  in  bvi,  tti-ulptuit'H  on 0, 10 

Slnl/i'iibtT^.  AiiHlriii,  i-tip  8l<in<-rt  mi  tlic ur* 

Stnilftiinil,  Pi  UHHiu,  nip  iiiarkn  on  itiun  li  in   H7 

Kti-aiiHliir;:,  I'lUHHia.  rupniaikrt  on  cliuicb  iu ^7 

Sttti,  Swidcn,  cnpiiiil  htil>  wiitt-r  buHin  in  i-liiirrh  at.  ^5 

Stndiil.  Prof,  r.,  Iitl.rto  M.  (J-ib-  Mortill.t.  cUfii  ..  Mi 
StubhH,    in.    Cbaibti   H.,   ariount    uf    Iltild    Kiiur 

K.K-k met$eg. 

Siniiniit  Couuty,  Ohio,  cup  Htoni-  from 4U 

Sun  wumliip.  rtuti  ititrit- 1  injiH  inibb  nuitii'  of 71 

SupiTtttilionH  aliai  lu'd  to  iirebiHtoii<'  impb'nii'nts  ...  HG 

n';:»rdiu;:  cup  niaik»  on  rliunbi'H t-H 

SuHqiiehnnna  Kivw,  pittnl  Hlont'H  found  mar 4:) 

Swi'di-n,  piiuiitivt'  Hi-iilptuictt  tonnd  in D,  :^H,  21>,  ;iu 

Haal  or  ilal<l>  I  Stone  nt-ar  Falkopin^  14 

8wi1ziMland,  eup  m.            i.  s  in 21, 'J2 

otatioii.u  \   uiiirtnr  (')  in UO 

t'lipinatks  uii  iliunlieH  in ■ b7 

T. 

TaritiiH,  "  Vita  At;ri*»l«i '.  nV.-*.* 79 

Tatt*,  Mi.liiorp',  infei-eneiH  i'utm  diMlribntiou  ofeup 

and  rin;:  eiirviuHs K|  etaeq. 

"  riti'  Auiit-iif    Itiitirnb  S(  ulptuFfd 
Koi  krt  of    Noiiounilieibiiid    and 

thr  Kaslein  lloiden*  ■.  rifni 15.i<4 

Taybir,  Col.  MeadowH.  on  mru-iliriitnionnnienlB 31 

TempU'of  (:iiau(h«h\var,  ileseiiplion  of 33,35,  :iO 

Tt'nut'8800,  Clip  .•*toin  s  from 47 

nut  utiuie  from 4."i 

Teo!olin;;a.  a  roek  iieaiOri/aliii,  Mexleo Ori 

Temnpie  I  iidianH,  paint  ciipH  of 47 

Ti'xai*,  Hrulptured  and  painted  roek  in 57 

Tbun,  Swil/erland,  <  lip  markH  on  rlnncb  in  H7 

'rinii'  reekonini;,  AuMiiran  and  Asialir 02 

Town:*-  aui'ieiit,  HeiilplureH  in  and  near 10 

Tratlitioimeoneernih  ;  eiip  eiitiinuM  in  India !M 

enp-e\eavatlonB  on   elinreliefi 

in  (lermany h9 

Trirtiila,  nttriliute  of  Mnbaibo :i4 

Tioyon,  M.  K.,   "  llabitaliouM  I.aeimireR  dea  'reiiipw 

Aui'ienm't  M(Mieriie8",  cited  ...  21,22 


TniyoD,  H.  F.,  on  rup  iitnnr  in  t bo  Canton  of  Viiuil..      21,22 

on  1180  of  Hinall  eup  .itoneM Ti 

Tnmnli  at  ('lava,  Si-utland,  eup  inttini^H  on  ebamlH'r< 

htoneH  in 13 

in  tbv  Na;:pof)r  diittrit  t,  India 31,  :i? 

Tumulus  ut  ltorri-b>,  henmaik.i'up  Ktouo  from     20 

liiitbx,  S  bleHwt;:.  eup  Htoiio  from 2:1 

in  Seaniii.  Hciilptured  rtlalt  friuii ..        20 

Mont  SainlMit  111  1,  at   t'arnae,    llrittany, 

eiip  I'll 1 1 111^^4  on  iiKtUli''  Htone  of 13,  10 

near  Anibl.  SrhlrHvvi}:.  i  up  Htoiie  from  ...  23 

on    iHlatid  <if   CiaM'    Ini-t,   Henlptuies   ou 

BlouiHin 18,10,82 

on  Nlaud  of  l^taland,  artillcial  fiKit-lrai-ka 

on  bliH'k  of  Htone  i  iitle  of 20 

Tylor,  Mr.  R  11. .  "Aualiuae  ',  cittd 

T>|M'8of  luiuiitive  hi  nipt  in*  tt 

r. 

Itnib'r^roiind  houHeH.  HeiilptiireH  on  ntoneHuf 

l^pHiila,  Sweden,  eiip  iiiarkM  on  eliurei:  in 

I' rim,  eovi  tn  ol,  NeutplureN  on 

rHedom,  Inland  of.  eup  uiaikii  on  <  bundles  in 

I'tadi,  earvtd  ^loup  on  dill'  at  .Manti. 

V. 

Valley  of  tlio  Ilbine,  eup-maikMoa  elmrelieH  in  the. . 

Itlioiie.  enp  tiioneH  in  )  lio 

Vt'ckenRtedt,  Dr.  K.,  dirtenvi  iHi-upiuui  k8oiiebnre|ieB 

in  HratMleubnr^ 

Vera;:uaH,  Ci  nil  tit  .Ameriea,  ineim'd  slonea  in  

Veicliere,  lb.,  dim  <ivi  rH  eujiped  botddeiM  In  Inilia     . 

Vi'tM-liim,  I'ruNNia,  iiip  inarkn  in  <  liuiib  iu 

VieHH  eouet  rnin;{   Ibu  Hi;;nilieaueo    \i(   eup-Hliaped 

miilpturea 

Viiebow,  ]*Tof.  K.,diMroror8  rup-niarks  onebnielu'S 

iu  Switzerland  ami  (ienuany 

\'itu!*l>er^,  AuHliia.  eup  HtoniBontbo 

Vouna-*,  I-'rauie,  »lone  in  ebnnb  at    

Vo;;t,  Prof.  Carl,  iieroiint  of  e\pi>iiuieiit  ill  larviu;^  in 

Htoue 

Voluto 

W. 
Wanemr.  S.  ('.,  ■Ilanill'iuti  dt  r  \or/ii-^liibHtrn  in 
l)ent.<liland    eiildeekteu    Alter- 
tbiimor  uuh   liridniHetntr  /eit", 

cited    24, 25 

mini iou8  I  up-nloneH   24 

Wales,  ai'i'baie  Heulptiiii  h  iu    0 

didnieu  iitar  ('l>uui»i£  I'awr,  eupeikllin;;^  on 

eap.'^toiieof   12,13 

WeeniH.  Hi'iilptiin  -•«  ou  Htoiiin  of    IU 

WeHtiopp.  Mr.,  opinion  <  imeiiuiu;;  i  up-Heulplnrea  ..  H4 

\Ve\io,  Swi  dell,  enp  iiiaikH  on  ebutib  in     87 

W'bittlehi'y.  ('ul.Cliaibs.    ■  Aiuimt   Kartli   Fort m  of 
the    Cu.\abo;;a     Valley, 

Ohio'  .  eilrd 40 

ilrsriilMfienp  Htoliert 40 

Wilkiimoii.  Sir  (liiidiier,  opinion  uHpielin;;  tupped 

HtiUies   7.'* 

Wdlf.ira  nl.ib,  suppoMed  purpone  of  , 71 

tiiiuuIiiH,  dew  liptiou  of 20 

Wilubire,  Knulanil,  uie^iidilbir  HlruetnreH  in 74 

Wilnon,  l)r..  on  nie};aliihie  uiouiiuu-iitH    31 

Wilson,    Prof.    Danu  I.    illustration     of     the     Caiy 

Stom-  14 


02 
10 

IU 
87 
0 
87 
04 

87 
10 

87 
07 

38 


87 
26 
88 

82 
11 


112 


INDEX. 


WiUon,  Prof.  Dauirl,  "The  ArrhiTOlngy  nnd  Pro- 
hlilorio  Aniiiilii  of  Soot- 
land."  fiud 

Wolilt,  I)r.,  Diilirps  rnp-mnrkH  on  rhuiTlioa  lu  Berlin, 

PruHln 

WoIkiuI,  rriisiia,  rnn-markB  on  eliurrb  In 

Wooden  mortam 

Woranne,  Mr.  J.  J.  A .,  nge  of  Dnnlab  iiculptiim     . . 
"Die  VnrKearliirhto  di'i  Nor- 

dt'HB",  citfd 

"Nonllskc  UldaoKcr  'I  di't 
Kongrlli;e  UiiM'um  i 
KJSbenlMvn  ",  ciUd 


P*g«i 


27 


Page. 
WorMM,  Mr.J.J.  A.,  "Tho  Primeval  Antiquliies 

of  Denmark  ",  c<(«d 27 

y. 

Yonl,  avmbol  34, 78 

Torkabtre,  England,  decrrlpllon  of  Iwrrow  in 10 

cupped  atoni-alu 17 

Z. 
Zapf,  Dr.  L..    "Die   Miildenateiue  dra    FlchU>lge- 

birgea. ' '  citfd BO 

Zufil  Indiana,  pnint-rupa  of 47 

ZUrlob,  Switierlond,  oap-stone*  in  the  (Mvlront  of. . .  21 


TYPE   I. 


e   c 


o  t) 


TYPE    2. 


TYPE    3. 


TYPE  4, 


TYPE   5. 


TYPE  e 


TYPE  7. 


Kic.  1. — Ciiniiimii  tyiios  ciC  Kiirci)H>an  cup  anil  riii);-iiittiii)p<. 


iW«pp>«aMi 


r-€-e^ 


Fio.  3. — Cbief  dpviatioiiH  from  tb«  general  t.v|i«N  of  European  cup  anil  ring-cuttings. 


* 


Kki,  :1. — Siuliiiuii'il  I'oc'ksiitriic'cH  lit  Aiii'liiiiiliri'iii'li.  Ai(!,vli'»liiri',  Scotland 


■■pip 


ii 


[Wi, 


N„,/^v-:-"'"~v^C;- — Ah-  -i-^  -•t*vtfc*>iK,.iwj, 


Fio.  4.— Cup  and  riiii^-ciittiiiKH  <>i>  «■  iiuMihir  at  Uallyuieuach, 
Argyleshirv,  tjuutluuil. 


LIBRARY 

NATIOiNAL  I^iUSKU^^ 


iii* 


— twnona. 


^•" 


i 


i 


OS 


t,J' 


^iM^ 


Fio.  »i.— Kistvii-n  surroumled  by  blocks,  <.no  of  which  is  cup-uiiirlsea.     Oatlauds, 

IhIo  of  Man. 


Fig.  ".— Ciijippd  stiinn  in  a  rliiiinlHTiil  tiiiiuilns  al  lliiva.  liivrriii'ss-sljiit..  Scotlanil. 


m--  'i 
il 


mmtft 


Sjsiisp**'' 


■<*■ 


5..      t< 


l^f 


1 1      I 


.>  ' 


/v 

9>    ■  \ 

/^' 

».  - 

-  r-  ..j 

,rt      ,      'J 

r*-. 

'^1 

v«-^ 

.  \ 

..•  .'/ 

-       '■ 

'',.  '*.  ■ 

/,-> 

/    !■;.'  '■ 

— 

'■;    ■J.-'l 

..'",'•'•,'« 

'.■■'': 

^1j| 

1/ 

Fl(i.  H.— Cui«iK'il  mi.iiolitli  near  Dmilinr.  Kast-I.dihiiii),  Scodand. 


■"zi^m 


wmmmmmmm 


RMiSSS 


it. 


Fig.  9.— Large  cup-stone  near  Balvraid,  Iiivcrueso-sbire,  Scotland. 


Fig.  10,— Cupped  stouo  found  at  Laws,  Forfarshiro,  Scotland. 


Via 


.  Xl.-Stone  with  cup  nud  ring-oMttiugH.    County  of  Kerry,  IroUu.l. 


Fio.  ia.-Ii.fi8ea  Htoi.e  in  tl..-  tumulus  at  l.ougli  Crew,  Iroluml. 


Fio.  13. — Carving  of  n  cult  in  a  iiIiiiidmI  IiniitUe  on  the  roof  of  a 
iloliiioii  neat  LtiKiunriiiki'r,  liriltiuiy. 


I 


Fill.  14. — luuiaod  cliauibtir-Htoiii's  iu  ibu  tiiuiiilus  of  Oa%'r'  luU, 
Brittauy. 


f  ■ 


•  ! 
I  i 

1 1 


««■: 


FlO.  1.").— 'La  Boiili'  df  (iary.ii'uii.  "  ■  <iii)iriI  liuuldir  ueai 
Bcllov,  Ain.  '•''•anci'. 


_^Jfc.a^  ■ 


.--mimm-'^ 


Flu.  l(i.— Cup-cuttiugs  oil  u  rock  iioar  Chiia*.',  Lozfcro,  I'rauce. 


.a|iwM«»..~.^--^;tg^wwi 


'Hl^ 


Fig.  17.— Cuppt'il  block  umr  Moiit-lii-Villi>,  Canton  of  Vaiiil, 
8witzorlaiul. 


li' 


^w*  1 


Fig.  18. — Fav-simile  rvprvaentiition  of  a  cupped  rook  uear  Obcr- 
Farroustiidt,  Pruiwiau  .Suxony. 


mMfm 


FlO.  19.— Fiu'-simile  lopresentatiou  of  a  cupped  rork  near  Meissen, 
•Saxony. 


rr 


II! 


Fin.  '20.— Cupped  liucksiilo  of  a  runic  stonn  iit  Ravukildo  .liitinnd, 
Douiunrk. 


ill 


FlO.  yi.— TraciuKS  of  Bhijis  anil  w.icels  on  the  rool'-stonu  of  a  Cniifral 
cUamTiei  near  Hurrcstrup,  Seelauil,  Ueuuiurk. 


Ik 


it 

:  i 


I 


Fio.  aa.— Tlio  "Biilder  Stoiio"  near  ralUo|iiug,  Swodoii. 


^.^iSX 


i 


l.i 


If 


1''ia.  23. — Stoui-  bIiiU  Hliowinn  cups  iiiiil  <'iiKravcil  ili'Migiw.    From 
u  liimiiliiM  ill  Scaiiiii,  Swi'tkii. 


Pig.  24.-  One  of  (lie  tiiKriivcd  hIiiIps  of  tlio  Kivik  iiioiiimiont, 
Scaiiiii,  .Swftlcu. 


.>^LSMH■■ 


Tio.  •J.'i.  — i;i>(U-s<  iil|itni-(s  ill  ijiiillo  Iliiniil,  Lfiii  nC  liulins,  Swi'ilcii. 


i!" 


Ill 


ii 


T 


I'Ui.  :^().— Clip  :iii(l  riiiK-i'UtliiiKti  III  ('liaudv6Uwui',  Imliii, 


-^■^ 


■iR=^ 


tmsm 


Fig.  37 — Sectiou  of  a  stone  Miilindco  in  tin'  temple  of 
Cliandi'shwur,  Iiiilia. 


pr 


ill. 


I'Ki.  y**. — M;iliiul('<i  ill  a  .sliiiiic  :il  Itiiiiiics,  Iiiilia. 


r 


ii 


i    ' 
li 


1  .(- 


witM 


Fio.  29. 


Fro.  30. 


Klus.  'ill,  30,  ami  ;U. — .Miilinili-:    ;.  ip'mls  ciiHiavid  mi  s;<iui'  sliilm  in  I  lie  tviiiiile 
.'I'  C'li.iiiitcslnvar,  IncHa. 


; 


It  if  i 


FlO.   3!i.— I'ittcil   Ktonc   I'lMiiKl   mar  rniiiklin,   Williaumim  County, 
'ri'iiiH'KKi'i'  (MiiN.  Nil.  I'.iiiri:!). 


Via.  ;i:!.— I'ittt'cl  bIihic  Cniiii  Miimv    I.vciiiiiiii):  Ciniiity,  ri'iinN\  Ivuiiiii. 


FtG.  ;{4.— Niit-Monc  tVoiii  till'  iiii;;liliiirl I  ul'  I.nucldp,  !.(.ii<l()ii  f'Diiiiiy, 

Tiiiur-.-M  (•  (Mil,.  Nil.  •Jlii.  , ,. 


„_-s«»" 


il! 


!(■ 


Fill.  UTi.— Cupped  stoiip  foiuul  iii'ar  (tr()V(>))(irt,  Fmnklla  County, 
01ii<i(MuM.  N(>.77-l:i). 


Via.  3('i, — Cupped  stoiii'  from  tin-  niMiihlinrhood  of  Portsinoiitli, 
Oliio(Mns.  No.  liliVJ-1). 


i 


fl 


IS': 


Tl 


Fill.  ;t7.— C'liiipcd  Hlonu  fiDiri  Suimiiil  I'oiiiil.v,  DIiid  (Miis.  No.  •J.-'018). 


S?^l 


II 


M 


ih 


■^ 


Fig.  36.— Kartlieuwari-  iiiihit-iiips  used  l>y  tlio  Zufiis,  New  Moxiio. 
(Mils.  .No.  4m4(;). 


Flu.  ;!'.•.— .>^(  one  iiii>rl:\raiiil  p.sih'  witli  .i  iiip-sliaiii'il  fiivKy.     rn.iii 
llif  'If-siiiini.  luiliaii.s,  New  Mi-xiiu  (Mns.  No.  I,':1I0). 


*^wrfWMi'  1  'fmiinai  ■ 


■I  '■ 

li 

Ml 


Fio.  40, 


l''ius.  10  anil  II.-  'IVrni  colla  spiiKll.'-wlinils  liMni  Tc/inio,  Mfxic. 
(Mils.  N.vi.  ?-(l  Mini  7.-7) 


flip 


^^^^ 


■^^^^ 


ill 


Scale :  1  inch  =  2  feet. 

Fig.  43.— Cupped  granite  boulder  at  Niautlc,  Now  London 
County,  Couuocticut. 


"*r 


Fi(i.  '14.-Ciii)i>,.,l  (?)  nick  ill  tlio  miglil.oiliu,,,!  olOriziiha,  Mtxioo. 


^— 5k 


'■'l 


li 


If 


f 


^^^ 


I'-I".  ■I.i.-S,.,.l,„„r,.s  ,„,  Jl„l,|    Kri,,.;  I{,„.k,   i„  .1...  S„s.|,„.|,a,M,a 


Hivci-,  Miirvlniid. 


Fl.l.  .tT.-S,„|,,t„„.,l  .lal,  In,.,,  |!al,|  |.',i„,  ,{,„,,  ^.\I„H.  N„.  ;!■ 


•010). 


^"^ 


I'll' 

i  il 


I.:^f 


.m 


Tii;.  4'<.— Xorflioastirn  ciid  of  liiild  Kriar  IJock, 


■  ''■     ''  •'"!'■■    '"'  Kli.     ,-.1. 

Ki.is.  4!t,  .->i»,  nmt  51  ( ,V).— ,s,i,li,tiir.'s  on  Halil  I'li.n  K(»k. 


Kill.  iV-i.— Sculptured  bouldor  in  the  Gila  Valley,  Ai'izoirj 


ft 

h 


Fi(i.  ri;t.— l{ock-tarviii(5  in  the  Sim  I'cto  Valley,  I'tah. 


/ 


e 


Flu    M. 


Fli!.  56. 


Fli!.  57. 


FluK.  ri4.  5.'>,  r)0,  ami  .'w  (  ,V). — Rock-paiutiugs  in  Lake  Ciiimty,  Oregon. 


MHIPPIMItiillHIIIillllllM 


:  i 


m   \ 


In.    Ir-,  rA^ 


Ha. 


1.6. 


iJ^J4Ujai4Lii 


Ki 

'■ 

No 

\ 

N(i 

- 

Nn 

i. 

.No. 

t. 

-Vu. 

5. 

4.6                            0  6" 
.-.8.-K„ck-..o,.l,.tMiv.,, „■,■■.■■  David.  ClnrHini.  ,„i.l  Nmil, l„i;,n  lyprs. 

"f  .f^;;;:;-^:i';;..t,il';;,v-,;;r;"^l'i:;  !!;::r"  - ^ « ^  '"■•  ^ - 


pfj 


Pi! 


-.m»^ 


Fig.  W.— Hol.v-wiiter  stone  in  a  cljurch  at  Stro,  in  Scniiia,  Swodeu. 


'^IW 


f 


ViQ.  60.— Holy-water  stone  in  a  ebmrli  jit  C)cmi(ir|i,  Scauia. 


Flo.  (il.— rupi,  and  liiiniws  MM  ih,,  \v:ill  of  .Simii  Jlaiv'.->  (  liiiicli 
at  (JicilMwnlil.  Poiiicianiii  '  ' 


